Lithium Silicide Surface Enrichment: A Solution to Lithium Metal Battery

Tang, Wei; Yin, Xiuli; Kang, Su-Jin; Chen, Zhongxin; Tian, Bingbing; Teo, Siew Lang; Wang, Xiaowei; Chi, Xiao; Loh, Kian Ping; Lee, Hyun‐Wook; Zheng, Guangyuan

doi:10.1002/adma.201801745

Cited by 175 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…[9] Owing to the multi-component solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and uneven anode substrate, inhomogeneous lithium-ion flux is formed at the electrode/electrolyte interface, leading to nonuniform lithium eletrodeposition on the metal surface. These methods include doping electrolyte additives (Li halide, [12] ionic liquid, [13] and Cs +[14] ) and coating artificial SEIs (Li 3 PO 4 , [15] Cu 3 N, [16] LiF, [17] and Li alloy [18][19][20] ) on Li anode. This dendrite formation behavior can be much severe at high current densities.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These methods include doping electrolyte additives (Li halide, [12] ionic liquid, [13] and Cs +[14] ) and coating artificial SEIs (Li 3 PO 4 , [15] Cu 3 N, [16] LiF, [17] and Li alloy [18][19][20] ) on Li anode. These methods include doping electrolyte additives (Li halide, [12] ionic liquid, [13] and Cs +[14] ) and coating artificial SEIs (Li 3 PO 4 , [15] Cu 3 N, [16] LiF, [17] and Li alloy [18][19][20] ) on Li anode.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Enabling Stable Lithium Metal Anode via 3D Inorganic Skeleton with Superlithiophilic Interphase

Fan

Liu

et al. 2018

Advanced Energy Materials

158

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of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). [3][4][5] Compared with intercalation compounds such as graphite in LIBs, lithium metal anode possesses an extremely high theoretical capacity of 3860 mA h g −1 with a very low redox potential (−3.04 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode), making it an attractive anode material to pair with highenergy conversion cathodes such as sulfur and oxygen. [6,7] Unfortunately, the application of lithium metal is full of challenges that have puzzled researchers for more than 40 years. [8] The most notorious one is that Li metal problematically forms dendrites during repeated cycling. [9] Owing to the multi-component solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and uneven anode substrate, inhomogeneous lithium-ion flux is formed at the electrode/electrolyte interface, leading to nonuniform lithium eletrodeposition on the metal surface. The fresh metallic tip acts as an active site, which induces the ramified growth of lithium dendrite, resulting in cell short-circuit and low coulombic efficiency. This dendrite formation behavior can be much severe at high current densities. Another serious problem lies in electrode volume expansion originated from the repeated plating/ stripping process. [10,11] As a "hostless" electrode, lithium metal tends to be fully stripped when used in practical full cells and can hardly travel back to the same location during plating, causing mechanical instability of electrode/separator interface as well as internal stress fluctuation. As a result, the capacity of LMBs fades sharply during cycling.Over the past four decades, many up-and-coming strategies have been developed to enhance the electrochemical performance of Li metal anode and overcome the problems raised from uneven Li electrodeposition. These methods include doping electrolyte additives (Li halide, [12] ionic liquid, [13] and Cs +[14] ) and coating artificial SEIs (Li 3 PO 4 , [15] Cu 3 N, [16] LiF, [17] and Li alloy [18][19][20] ) on Li anode. More recently, researchers have focused on creating 3D scaffold/lithium metal composites as alternatives for common planar lithium. According to Chazalviel's model, the onset time of uneven deposition is inversely proportional to the current density (τ ≈ -2 J ). [21,22] Therefore, designing high-surface-area composite anode can lower J and thus prolong the cell lifetime. Based on this theory, Cu mesh, [23,24] Ni foam, [25] and other 3D conductive frameworks [26][27][28] have been developed to replace planar current The lithium metal battery (LMB) is among the most sought-after battery chemistries for high-energy storage devices. However, LMBs usually undergo uncontrollable lithium deposition and severe side reactions, which significantly impede their practical applications. Herein, a stable Al 2 O 3 -based inorganic framework with superlithiophilic lithium aluminum oxide (Li-Al-O) interphase is created via reacting Li with Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles. The Al 2 O 3 -based inorganic framework can serve as a stable Li "host," reducing the volume expansion during cell cyclin...

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Enabling Stable Lithium Metal Anode via 3D Inorganic Skeleton with Superlithiophilic Interphase

Fan

Liu

et al. 2018

Advanced Energy Materials

158

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“…The graphite-SiO 2 bilayer prevents any side reactions between Li and electrolyte due to its electrochemical and mechanical stabilities (see Figure S4 in the Supporting Information for details). [42] As a comparison, the bare Li shows unstable SEI formation, undesired side reactions, and dendrite growth, which consumes a significant amount of electrolyte. [40] In contrast, the bare Li reacts with electrolyte responsible for the formation of thick carbonaterich unstable SEI and an insulating surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrathin Bilayer of Graphite/SiO₂ as Solid Interface for Reviving Li Metal Anode

Pathak

Chen

Gurung

et al. 2019

Advanced Energy Materials

147

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3860 mAh g −1 ), low redox potential (−3.04 V vs standard hydrogen electrode) and high capability to be coupled with high-voltage and/or high-capacity cathode materials. [1] However, the practical application of Li as an anode in rechargeable lithium batteries is still hindered by the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites, low Coulombic efficiency (CE), and limited cycle life. [2] Numerous efforts have been made to address these issues. One of the strategies focuses on the design of suitable electrolytes by optimizing the concentration, [3] adding additives and fillers, [4] engineering highmodulus solid electrolytes and polymer electrolytes. [5] These advanced electrolytes are expected to have excellent electrochemical stability on the Li electrode and higher Young's modulus to resist the dendrite growth. [6] Further, developing stable host materials and nanostructured scaffolds to accommodate Li during the plating process has been employed to address the issues of large volume changes during lithium plating/stripping. [7] Recently, developing an artificial interfacial layer between the electrolyte and Li metal electrode has attracted tremendous attention in lithium metal batteries (LMBs). The interfacial layer can prevent side reactions, enable fast Li-ion diffusion, and suppress the Li dendrite growth for the efficient operation of Li metal anode. The side reactions and interfacial instability of Li metal lead to significant consumption of electrolyte. As a result, the resistance of the Li metal cell increases that leads to overpotential and ultimately short cell lifespan. Previous studies showed that various ceramics such as SiO 2 , TiO 2 , SnO 2 , and Al 2 O 3 are very promising interfacial layers to buffer the volumetric expansion of the anode. [8] Such ceramic layers are able to conduct Li + and block electron transport. [9] Lithiated multiwall carbon nanotubes and multilayered graphene with high mechanical rigidity have been reported as a controlled Li diffusion interface. [10] In addition, glass fibers, silica sandwiched between two separators, and silica@poly(methyl methacrylate) (SiO 2 @PMMA) nanosphere-modified Cu electrode has also been studied. [7c,11] These artificial layers improve wettability toward electrolyte, reduce the concentration of Li ions, and react with growing Li to suppress the dendrites. Organic/inorganic Lithium metal anodes are expected to drive practical applications that require high energy-density storage. However, the direct use of metallic lithium causes safety concerns, low rate capabilities, and poor cycling performance due to unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and undesired lithium dendrite growth. To address these issues, a radio frequency sputtered graphite-SiO 2 ultrathin bilayer on a Li metal chips is demonstrated, for the first time, as an effective SEI layer. This leads to a dendrite free uniform Li deposition to achieve a stable voltage profile and outstanding long hours plating/stripping compared to the bare Li. Compared to a bare Li anode, the graph...

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“…A full Li–S cell consisted of a 2D‐MoS 2 protected Li anode and a CNT/S composite cathode was able to achieve a high specific energy density (≈589 Wh kg −1 ), a long life cycle (1 200 cycles) and quite high Coulombic efficiency (≈98%). Similarly, Tang et al demonstrated the deposition of a smooth Li silicide (Li x Si) coating to restructure an inhomogeneous Li surface to produce a uniform distribution of the Li + flux (Figure h). In situ optical microscopy observations confirmed that the Li x Si‐modified Li anode showed dendrite‐free Li dissolution/deposition behavior, whereas a bare Li electrode suffered with obvious dendrite growth.…”

Section: Strategies For Developing Stable LI Metal Anodesmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Strategies For Developing Stable LI Metal Anodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Aspects of Lithium Metal Anodes for Lithium Metal Batteries

Ghazi

Sun

et al. 2019

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Rechargeable batteries are considered promising replacements for environmentally hazardous fossil fuel‐based energy technologies. High‐energy lithium‐metal batteries have received tremendous attention for use in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. However, the low Coulombic efficiency, short life cycle, huge volume expansion, uncontrolled dendrite growth, and endless interfacial reactions of the metallic lithium anode are major obstacles in their commercialization. Extensive research efforts have been devoted to address these issues and significant progress has been made by tuning electrolyte chemistry, designing electrode frameworks, discovering nanotechnology‐based solutions, etc. This Review aims to provide a conceptual understanding of the current issues involved in using a lithium metal anode and to unveil its electrochemistry. The most recent advancements in lithium metal battery technology are outlined and suggestions for future research to develop a safe and stable lithium anode are presented.

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Lithium Silicide Surface Enrichment: A Solution to Lithium Metal Battery

Cited by 175 publications

References 74 publications

Enabling Stable Lithium Metal Anode via 3D Inorganic Skeleton with Superlithiophilic Interphase

Enabling Stable Lithium Metal Anode via 3D Inorganic Skeleton with Superlithiophilic Interphase

Ultrathin Bilayer of Graphite/SiO₂ as Solid Interface for Reviving Li Metal Anode

Key Aspects of Lithium Metal Anodes for Lithium Metal Batteries

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Lithium Silicide Surface Enrichment: A Solution to Lithium Metal Battery

Cited by 175 publications

References 74 publications

Enabling Stable Lithium Metal Anode via 3D Inorganic Skeleton with Superlithiophilic Interphase

Enabling Stable Lithium Metal Anode via 3D Inorganic Skeleton with Superlithiophilic Interphase

Ultrathin Bilayer of Graphite/SiO2 as Solid Interface for Reviving Li Metal Anode

Key Aspects of Lithium Metal Anodes for Lithium Metal Batteries

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Ultrathin Bilayer of Graphite/SiO₂ as Solid Interface for Reviving Li Metal Anode