Lithium Recovery from Brines Including Seawater, Salt Lake Brine, Underground Water and Geothermal Water

Samadiy, Murodjon; Yu, Xiaoping; Li, Mingli; Duo, Ji; Deng, Tianlong

doi:10.5772/intechopen.90371

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 176 publications

(183 reference statements)

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“…Thus, reducing or eliminating US import reliance on lithium by using deeper hot SSGF brines that are already being produced for electricity and then reinjected safely into the geothermal reservoir, not only has economic benefits to the US, but also would reduce environmental consequences of traditional mining operations in other locations. The technology for extracting lithium from saline brines is well known (e.g., Meshram et al, 2014;Murodjon , et al, 2019;Marthi and Smith, 2019;Paranthaman et al, 2017), with direct adsorption/desorption methods being most effective for the hot SSGF brines (California Energy Commission, 2020). Harrison (2010a) describes a sequential scheme for extracting multiple metals from the hot brines (Figure 7.4).…”

Section: Brine Chemistry and Strategic Metals Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crisis at the Salton Sea: Research Gaps and Opportunities

Fogel¹,

Ajami²,

Aronson³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Riverside, who has published more than 30 research papers. As a member both of the UCR Center for Conservation Biology, and the BREATHE Center, Dr. Aronson's expertise is in the role of the soil microbial community in ecosystem functions, the dispersal of microorganisms via wind and dust, and the impact of dust microorganisms on human health. She received her PhD in Biology with a concentration in Ecology and Evolution from the University of Pennsylvania, supported by a Predoctoral Fellowship from NASA, and her BSc in Environmental Sciences from McGill University. Prior to joining the faculty at UCR, she was a NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellow at UC Irvine. She currently leads a Thematic Cluster as part of the new NSF Critical Zone Cluster Network.

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Section: Brine Chemistry and Strategic Metals Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crisis at the Salton Sea: Research Gaps and Opportunities

Fogel¹,

Ajami²,

Aronson³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…18 The potassium lithium sulfate salt obtained from the brine of seawater is converted to carbonate after removal of K + ions. 16 Finally, the obtained lithium carbonate is converted to chloride salt by heat treating with chlorinating agents such as HCl or Cl 2 gas. 16 Considering the negative environmental impact, depletion of primary sources, and reduction in cost of production, it is imperative to develop physical and chemical processes with enhanced recovery efficiencies and purity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Mini-Review

Saju,

Ebenezer,

Chandran

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), successfully commercialized energy storage systems, are now the most advanced power sources for various electronic devices and the most potential option for power storage in e-vehicle applications. The usage of Li-ion batteries is rising proportionately to the significant growth in the global demand of LIBs. Given the present circumstances, recycling of used LIBs is essential for the recovery of less abundant resources and also to conserve the environment. Although the complete recovery of metal values from the black mass is still a major constraint in the recycling process, there have been various methodologies adopted for the efficient recycling of LIBs which mostly include pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical techniques. The major focus of this work, lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4, LFP), has grabbed massive attention with its increasing demand in e-vehicle industries owing to its safety and less use of nonabundantly available metals. Due to their high lithium content, spent LiFePO4 batteries have garnered a lot of research interest for their efficient recovery, thereby bringing higher economic gains. This review focuses exclusively on different methodologies and provides an overview on the recycling of LFPs through various pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and electrochemical processes by thoroughly analyzing the pertinent literature. With the aim of maximizing the recovery efficiencies of metals along with ambient reaction conditions, we can propose that hydrometallurgical methods were found to have a potential recycling route for LFPs compared to other methods. Thus, currently, the most promising method for LFP recycling appears to be mechanically treating the cells initially and then hydrometallurgically processing the active LFP cathode material. Thus, this review illustrates a comparative study of various methods for the effective recycling of LFPs for making it industrially applicable and environmentally friendly.

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“…Despite its wealth of natural resources, the abundance of lithium in nature is only 0.0018% [ 7 ], with Chile, the USA, China, and Australia, as the world’s largest lithium producer [ 8 ]. The global demand for lithium rapidly increases, and it is estimated that lithium consumption will reach more than 160,000 tons of lithium carbonate annually by 2025 [ 9 ]. Indonesia is not included in the list of the world’s top countries with lithium reserves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium Separation from Geothermal Brine to Develop Critical Energy Resources Using High-Pressure Nanofiltration Technology: Characterization and Optimization

et al. 2023

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There is a shift from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles (EVs), with the primary goal of reducing CO2 emissions from road transport. Battery technology is at the heart of this transition as it is vital to hybrid and fully electric vehicles’ performance, affordability, and reliability. However, it is not abundant in nature. Lithium has many uses, one of which is heat transfer applications; synthesized as an alloying agent for batteries, glass, and ceramics, it therefore has a high demand on the global market. Lithium can be attained by extraction from other natural resources in igneous rocks, in the waters of mineral springs, and geothermal brine. During the research, geothermal brine was used because, from the technological point of view, geothermal brine contains higher lithium content than other resources such as seawater. The nanofiltration separation process was operated using various solutions of pH 5, 7, and 10 at high pressures. The varying pressures are 11, 13, and 15 bar. The nanofiltration method was used as the separation process. High pressure of inert nitrogen gas was used to supply the driving force to separate lithium from other ions and elements in the sample. The research results supported the selected parameters where higher pressure and pH provided more significant lithium recovery but were limited by concentration polarization. The optimal operating conditions for lithium recovery in this research were obtained at a pH of 10 under a pressure of 15 bar, with the highest lithium recovery reaching more than 75%.

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Lithium Recovery from Brines Including Seawater, Salt Lake Brine, Underground Water and Geothermal Water

Cited by 24 publications

References 176 publications

Crisis at the Salton Sea: Research Gaps and Opportunities

Crisis at the Salton Sea: Research Gaps and Opportunities

Recycling of Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Mini-Review

Lithium Separation from Geothermal Brine to Develop Critical Energy Resources Using High-Pressure Nanofiltration Technology: Characterization and Optimization

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