Lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries investigated by voltage relaxation and in situ neutron diffraction

Lüders, Christian von; Zinth, Veronika; Erhard, Simon V.; Oßwald, Patrick; Hofmann, M.; Gilles, Ralph; Jossen, Andreas

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.032

Cited by 225 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

180

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…• C. This can be explained with chemical intercalation of Li metal into adjacent graphite particles and is in agreement with experiments utilizing Li atoms evaporated onto the surface of a graphite single crystal in ultrahigh vacuum by Mandeltort et al, 52 with neutron diffraction experiments with 18650-type Li-ion cells, 41,53 with operando measurements of the thickness of pouch cells 54,55 from other groups, and with ARC experiments with the same type of 18650 cells is in the present paper after different rest times from our group.…”

Section: Post-mortem Analysis Reveals Different Aging Mechanisms In 325supporting

confidence: 87%

“…• C. These Post-Mortem results together with the electrochemical evaluation in Figure 1 substantiate the findings by Uhlmann et al, 40 Schindler et al, 30 and von Lüders et al 41 However, it must be critically discussed here that temperature might play a role in the shape of the voltage relaxation behavior, which was not investigated in detail yet. The finding that cycling at 0…”

Section: Post-mortem Analysis Reveals Different Aging Mechanisms In 325supporting

confidence: 86%

“…41 These previous studies suggest that the shape of the voltage relaxation curves indicate Li plating in the previous charging process. This was explained by a mixed potential of the anode when both Li and Li x C 6 are present on the anode.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Waldmann

Quinn

Richter

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Li-ion cells are used in a variety of mobile and stationary applications. Their use must be safe under all conditions, even for aged cells in second-life applications. In the present study, different aging mechanisms are taken into account for accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) tests. 18650-type cells are cycled at 0 • C (Li plating expected) and at 45 • C (SEI growth expected). After extensive evaluation of the electrochemical results (voltage curve analysis, capacity fade, energy fade, Coulombic efficiency), the cells are tested by PostMortem analysis (CT, GD-OES, SEM) to reveal the main aging mechanisms and by ARC to test the safety behavior. Besides typical ARC results such as onset-of-self-heating, onset-of-thermal runaway and maximum temperatures, as well as acoustic responses of thermal runaway are evaluated and a method is developed to compare fresh cells and cells aged until different SOHs. It turns out that the safety of aged cells is not simply a function of the SOH. However, safety is strongly affected by the main aging mechanism and to the history of operating parameters during the life-time of the cell. Driven by the demand for higher capacity, lower volume, and lower weight, Li-ion technology was developed in the 1980s.1,2 Nowadays, Li-ion technology is used for energy storage in a large variety of applications, e.g. smartphones, tablets, or drones. In particular, electric vehicles in combination with renewable energy sources are promising for reducing climate change and the corresponding glacier melting and sea level rise which is influenced by burning fossil fuels.3-6 For all applications, the safety behavior under all specified operating conditions is most important.7-9 The same is true for aged Li-ion cells used in second-life applications, for example cells which are utilized in stationary energy storage applications after their usage in electric cars.In the past, failure of Li-ion cells led to product recalls which are very expensive for the manufacturers and unsettle customers, even if such incidents happen only in very few cases (ppm range).10 At the moment, safety tests have to be performed with Li-ion prototypes cells before market release. In these tests, fresh cells are always used, however, aged cells are usually neglected. Even if fresh cells show an acceptable safety behavior, this can change for aged cells. 7,[11][12][13][14][15] While some authors observed decreases for certain safety properties, 7,11,12 others found improvements. 12,13,15 It is well known that aging mechanisms change the properties of the materials inside Li-ion cells. [16][17][18][19] Operating conditions and materials have a strong influence on these aging mechanisms. 12,[20][21][22][23] We recently reported on a change of the aging mechanism with temperature for cycling aging of commercial 18650-type cells with graphite anodes and NMC/LMO cathodes. 20 This mechanism change is expressed by a V-shape in Arrhenius plots of the capacity fade rates obtained from cycling at different ambient temperatures. 20 This c...

show abstract

Section: Post-mortem Analysis Reveals Different Aging Mechanisms In 325supporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Post-mortem Analysis Reveals Different Aging Mechanisms In 325supporting

confidence: 86%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Waldmann

Quinn

Richter

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…12,13 The resulting inhomogeneous utilization of the active material leads to undesired side reactions and accelerated degradation, especially lithium plating 14,15 and an uneven mechanical expansion of the anode.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The impact of the cell design and the resulting equalization processes along the electrodes are presented using experimental cells [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] or by a modeling approach. 12,13 The resulting inhomogeneous utilization of the active material leads to undesired side reactions and accelerated degradation, especially lithium plating 14,15 and an uneven mechanical expansion of the anode. 16 This is further provoked by the increasing thickness of the cell's electrodes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Inhomogeneous Current Density Distribution in Graphite Electrodes by Design Variation

Kindermann

Oßwald

Ehlert

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Inhomogeneous utilization of electrodes and consequent limitations in the operating conditions are a severe problem, reducing lifetime and safety. By using a previously developed laboratory cell setup, we are able to show an inhomogeneous retrieval of lithium-ions from a graphite electrode throughout the layer with spatial resolution for two different graphites. After provoking inhomogeneities via constant current operations, equilibration processes are recorded and are assigned to two different effects. One effect is an equilibration inside the particles (intra-particle) from surface to bulk whereas the second effect is an equalization between the particles (inter-particle) to reach a homogeneous degree of lithiation in each particle throughout the electrode layer. With the recorded data, we implemented a P2D model with multiple particle sizes and considered the electrode thickness in several separate domains. Using the relaxation data of intra-and inter-particle relaxation for parametrizing the model, we investigated the influence of different solid and liquid phase parameters. As the liquid phase parameters scaled via porosity and tortuosity showed the biggest impact, we performed a design variation study to achieve a more homogeneous utilization of the electrode. Structuring the electrode to lower tortuosity is identified as the most promising design variation for homogeneous utilization. Lithium-ion cells are the electrochemical power source of choice, not only for portable electronic devices but also for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). Despite significant improvements regarding energy density and cycle stability, drawbacks remain, preventing the acceptance of EVs as a coequal alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles.Resulting from advancements in the quality of manufacturing processes, the ratio between active and inactive components could be improved by realizing thicker electrode coatings and thinner current collector foils.1 This increase in the energy density of the cells, however, comes with longer charging times due to a reduced rate capability. While concepts such as intelligent charging strategies require a comprehensive framework to be implemented, 2 the most obvious approach is to increase the charging power. As presented by Tesla's Supercharger concept, the battery is charged up to 80% state of charge (SOC) within 40 min using a charging power of up to 120 kW. 3 The high charging power requires high charging currents due to current limitations for 400 V high voltage on-board power systems.Various publications address the variations in current density distribution and the resulting SOC inhomogeneities. The impact of the cell design and the resulting equalization processes along the electrodes are presented using experimental cells [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] or by a modeling approach.12,13 The resulting inhomogeneous utilization of the active material leads to undesired side reactions and accelerated degradation, especially lithium plating 14,15 and ...

show abstract

Insight Understanding of External Pressure on Lithium Plating in Commercial Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Yu,

Wang,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), as efficient electrochemical energy storage devices, have been successfully commercialized. Lithium plating at anodes has been attracting increasing attention as batteries advance toward high energy density and large size, given its pivotal role in affecting the lifespan, safety, and fast‐charging performance of LIBs. Lithium plating mostly happens during fast charging or charging at low temperatures. However, external pressure is often overlooked as an essential factor that influences lithium plating in LIBs. This review analyzes and discusses the influence of external pressure on performance for commercial LIBs, with a particular focus on lithium plating. Recent advances in this topic, including experimental results and mechanism analyses, are reviewed. Lithium plating is explored by examining the influence of pressure on the internal morphology and electrochemical behavior of batteries. It is emphasized that external pressure affects performance through ion transport, electron transport, and their heterogeneities, thereby increasing the risk of lithium plating in batteries. Subsequently, the rationale for external pressure mitigating lithium plating is elucidated from the perspective of the morphology optimization inside LIBs. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the role of external pressure on lithium plating in commercial LIBs, practically guiding their rational design and development.

show abstract

Lithium plating in lithium-ion batteries investigated by voltage relaxation and in situ neutron diffraction

Cited by 225 publications

References 26 publications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Reducing Inhomogeneous Current Density Distribution in Graphite Electrodes by Design Variation

Insight Understanding of External Pressure on Lithium Plating in Commercial Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About