Lithium plating detection using differential charging current analysis in lithium-ion batteries

Investigation of the lithium plating triggering criterion in graphite electrodes

“…In the formal experiments, the selected cells with similar rate capacities were discharged at 0.5C to different extents by setting different discharging capacities from 1 to 5 mA h. Subsequently, without any relaxation period, the cells were promptly charged at 0.5C until they reached a cut-off voltage of 2 V. Differential analyses 7,8,22 were then applied to the discharging and charging curves mentioned above by employing an indirect detection method to assess the occurrence of lithium plating during the discharging process. Furthermore, the morphology of the disassembled cells was characterized to detect lithium plating directly.…”

“…Various experimental methods have been employed to comprehensively understand lithium plating and detect its occurrence, including electrochemical techniques and physical characterization methods. 20 Leveraging the reaction of the plated Li metal with the electrolyte and the different electrochemical properties of the plated Li metal and intercalated carbon (Li x C 6 ), 21 various electrochemical methods have been explored to detect lithium plating on graphite electrodes, such as the measurement of coulombic efficiency, 13 discharging/rest voltage curves 8,[22][23][24] and the potential of graphite electrodes in cells in 2-electrode 25 and 3electrode 26 setups. While these methods are nondestructive and convenient for engineering applications, they can only partially conrm the presence of plated lithium and do not detect the precise onset of lithium plating in situ.…”