Lithium Plating Detection Methods in Lithium-ion Batteries

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LiB) offer a low-cost, long cycle-life, and high energy density solution to the automotive industry. There is a growing need of fast charging batteries for commercial applications. However, under certain conditions such as high currents and/or low temperatures, the chance for Lithium (Li) plating increases. The main reason behind plating is the slow solid-state diffusion of Li ions inside the active material. If the anode surface potential falls below 0 V versus Li/Li+, the formation of metallic Li is thermodynamically feasible. Therefore, the determination of an accurate Li plating curve is crucial in estimating the boundary conditions for battery operation without compromising life and safety. There are various electrochemical and analytical methods that are employed in evaluating the Li plating boundary of an LiB. The present paper reviews the common test methods and analysis methods that are currently utilized in Li plating determination. An overview of existing methods, their advantages and limitations are provided in detail.

Modeling of Lithium Plating and Stripping Dynamics during Fast Charging

“…Lithium plating has been shown to be favored at low temperatures, high State of Charge (SOC) and high rates of charging, which leads to lower intercalation rates, larger overpotentials, values of the anode Open Circuit Potential (OCP) close to 0V (vs. Li/Li + ), and slower solid-phase diffusion [2][3][4][5]. While the plating reaction can be partially reversible, irreversibly plated lithium can form solid dendrites, leading to a loss in the accessible surface area of the anode active material and a loss of cyclable lithium through formation of a Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) [6][7][8][9].…”

A Review of Existing and Emerging Methods for Lithium Detection and Characterization in Li‐Ion and Li‐Metal Batteries

“…There are a variety of ways to differentiate the various Li detection and characterization techniques used to investigate batteries. [26,27] Based on the length scale of observation compared to the length scale of the cell, Li detection techniques can be classified as local or global. Local methods furnish information on parts of the cell, while global methods provide a summed value over the entire cell.…”