Lithium Plating Behavior in Lithium-Ion Cells

Bugga, Ratnakumar V.; Smart, Marshall C.

doi:10.1149/1.3393860

Cited by 141 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…where [8] The fit between calculated and measured full-cell QdV dQ −1 curves was then improved by parameter adjustment. Firstly, PE and NE potential curves underwent shrinking by different amounts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Observable Is Lithium Plating? Differential Voltage Analysis to Identify and Quantify Lithium Plating Following Fast Charging of Cold Lithium-Ion Batteries

Campbell

Marzook

Marinescu

et al. 2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

141

106

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Fast charging of batteries is currently limited, particularly at low temperatures, due to difficulties in understanding lithium plating. Accurate, online quantification of lithium plating increases safety, enables charging at speeds closer to the electrochemical limit and accelerates charge profile development. This work uses different cell cooling strategies to expose how voltage plateaus arising from cell self-heating and concentration gradients during fast charging can falsely indicate plating, contrary to prevalent current assumptions. A solution is provided using Differential Voltage (DV) analysis, which confirms that lithium stripping is observable. However, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis are used to demonstrate the inability of the plateau technique to detect plating under certain conditions. The work highlights error in conventional plating quantification that leads to the dangerous underestimation of plated amounts. A novel method of using voltage plateau end-point gradients is proposed to extend the sensitivity of the technique, enabling measurement of lower levels of lithium stripping and plating. The results are especially relevant to automotive OEMs and engineers wishing to expand their online and offline tools for fast charging algorithm development, charge management and state-of-health diagnostics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Observable Is Lithium Plating? Differential Voltage Analysis to Identify and Quantify Lithium Plating Following Fast Charging of Cold Lithium-Ion Batteries

Campbell

Marzook

Marinescu

et al. 2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

141

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This current limit was chosen in order to avoid irreversible degradation of electrochemical functionality by reaching certain potentials. We therefore chose in this case a cell voltage of 3.3 V to ensure that e.g., the anode's potential does not drop below 0 V preventing metallic lithium deposition on the anode surface even at high current densities (Bugga and Smart, 2010).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Current-Overpotential Nonlinearity of Lithium-Ion Batteries by Nonlinear Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (NLEIS) in Charge and Discharge Direction

et al. 2019

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In this paper, a Nonlinear Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (NLEIS) method is presented that allows capturing the nonlinearity of current and overpotential of a lithium-ion battery individually in charge and discharge direction. A DC bias is applied to the battery to shift its operating point to the nonlinear region of current and overpotential. An alternating current of a low amplitude (AC) is simultaneously superimposed in order to investigate the system additionally in the time domain. NLEIS cell spectra and selected electrode-resolved NLEIS spectra are recorded as a function of state of charge and temperature. Furthermore, Distribution of Relaxation Times (DRT) plots obtained from EIS measurements provide information, which electrochemical processes correlate with the occurrence of nonlinear distortions of current and overpotential. Moreover, the occurrence of overpotentials and their degree of nonlinearity at cathode and anode as a function of the state of charge are determined by current pulse measurements.

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“…During the lithiation and de-lithiation of cathode materials, each material produces a different voltage profile and voltage versus Li/Li + for the same percentage discharge (4.2-2.7 V), corresponding to active material content, composition, binder, particle size, temperature, electrode loading, and rate, among others [16]. Similar effects, to a lesser degree, were noted for negative electrodes, as the majority of negative electrode capacity occurs within 100 mV versus Li/Li + [17]. Other cell design parameters, such as negative to positive matching ratio, also result in small variations of cell voltage profiles [18].…”

Section: Capacitymentioning

confidence: 91%

Consumer-Based Evaluation of Commercially Available Protected 18650 Cells

Baksa

Yourey

2018

Batteries

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Over the past few years, the use of 18650 form factor lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells have transitioned from primarily commercial applications to consumer/residential use. An evaluation of eight commercially available, circuit protected, 18650 form factor Li-ion cells were performed, with analysis focusing on a residential consumer evaluation of performance. As typical consumer cell usage occurs at a relatively low discharge rate, cells were evaluated between 4.2 V and 2.7 V at C/10, C/5, and C/2 discharge rates. The evaluated cells ranged from “high-cost” Panasonic, Hixon, Orbtronic, and EastValley cells to “low-cost” UltraFire (UF) and Eilong cells. Initial discharge comparisons revealed that no cells delivered their nameplate capacity, with a large overstatement of cell capacity occurring for low-cost cells. On average, high-cost cells delivered 92.5% of their advertised capacity, with low-cost cells delivering 20.6% at a C/10 rate. Basing consumer evaluation on a cost per unit capacity and/or cost per unit energy, even with this large overstatement in capacity, low-cost cells still offer an advantage over higher-cost alternatives. The average cost per amp-hour for each cell group ranged from $1.65 to $3.38 for the low-cost and high-cost cell groupings, respectively. Analysis of voltage profiles highlighted two chemistries used in cell production, coinciding with each cell grouping.

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Lithium Plating Behavior in Lithium-Ion Cells

Cited by 141 publications

References 10 publications

How Observable Is Lithium Plating? Differential Voltage Analysis to Identify and Quantify Lithium Plating Following Fast Charging of Cold Lithium-Ion Batteries

How Observable Is Lithium Plating? Differential Voltage Analysis to Identify and Quantify Lithium Plating Following Fast Charging of Cold Lithium-Ion Batteries

Capturing the Current-Overpotential Nonlinearity of Lithium-Ion Batteries by Nonlinear Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (NLEIS) in Charge and Discharge Direction

Consumer-Based Evaluation of Commercially Available Protected 18650 Cells

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