Lithium metal recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries by cathode overcharging process

Fan, Meicen; Wozny, John; Gong, Jue; Kang, Yuqiong; Wang, Xianshu; Zhang, Zhexu; Zhou, Guangmin; Zhao, Yun; Li, Baohua; Kang, Feiyu

doi:10.1007/s12598-021-01918-7

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Using selective precipitation instead of conventional chemical precipitation is a promising method to overcome the above problems; for example, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) selectively precipitates Co 2+ to Co 2 O 3 •3H 2 O, [169] potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) selectively precipitates Mn 2+ to MnO 2 , [170] and dimethylglyoxime (DMG) selectively precipitates Ni 2+ to nickel dimethylglyoxime chelate (Ni-DMG). [171] Other methods for metal separation include adsorption, such as the use of mesoporous γ-Al 2 O 3 monoliths to extract and recover Co 2+ ; [172] electrodeposition, such as the use of two electrodes to recover spent LiFePO 4 and LiCoO 2 to Fe 2 O 3 / CoPi (cobalt phosphate-based catalyst, CoPi) photoanodes through a direct reduction mechanism for water oxidation; [173] and electrolysis, [174,175] such as the recovery of Li and FePO 4 /C from LiFePO 4 cathodes using an anionic membrane slurry. [174] However, due to the disadvantages of high energy consumption and high cost, it is difficult to apply electrodeposition and electrolysis to the recovery of spent LIBs on a large scale.…”

Section: Hydrometallurgical Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other methods for metal separation include adsorption, such as the use of mesoporous γ‐Al 2 O 3 monoliths to extract and recover Co 2+ ; [ 172 ] electrodeposition, such as the use of two electrodes to recover spent LiFePO 4 and LiCoO 2 to Fe 2 O 3 /CoPi (cobalt phosphate‐based catalyst, CoPi) photoanodes through a direct reduction mechanism for water oxidation; [ 173 ] and electrolysis, [ 174 , 175 ] such as the recovery of Li and FePO 4 /C from LiFePO 4 cathodes using an anionic membrane slurry. [ 174 ] However, due to the disadvantages of high energy consumption and high cost, it is difficult to apply electrodeposition and electrolysis to the recovery of spent LIBs on a large scale.…”

Section: Recycling Strategies For Conventional Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Progress, Key Issues, and Future Prospects for Li‐Ion Battery Recycling

Wang

et al. 2022

Global Challenges

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power density, and long life-span. [1,2] For example, LIBs have been used extensively in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and large-scale grids storage, which help greatly mitigate the use of fossil fuel and the emission of CO 2 . [3][4][5] Nevertheless, there exists a key issue-the energy stored inside LIBs is renewable, whereas the raw materials from massive mineral mining to fabricate LIBs are not renewable at all. Estimations expect that the LIBs global market is undergoing an enormous growth from 259 to 2500 GWh within the years 2020-2030 by an average of 25.4% per year. [6,7] This indicates a drastically rising demand for raw materials of LIBs, and a drastically rising number of spent LIBs generated due to limited-service life. [8][9][10] Based on this analysis, if a major portion of raw materials to fabricate LIBs could be extracted from spent LIBs instead of from mineral mining, numerous issues including those from economic, environmental, sustainable, and geographical aspects could all be tackled at the same time. It would make LIBs the real crucial factor to unlock renewable energy since the entire process of LIBs including fabrication and employment are all sustainable. [11] Fortunately, there are enough spent LIBs generated each year for us to recycle and extract raw materials/precursors from them. According to a report, by the year 2030, global spent LIBs will reach 11 million tons, where the recycling market will extend to $23.72 billion. [12] Therefore, LIBs recycling is becoming urgent and vital. Several agencies and institutions over the world have already focused on this topic and initiated some efforts. For example, policies for spent LIBs recycling have been established in some countries like the US, Germany, Japan, and China. [6] In addition, ReCell Center led by Argonne National Laboratory has set core principles for sustainable recycling, including the design of novel recyclability, direct recycling/ repair/regeneration, and recovery of other high-value-added components. [13] In this review, we systematically summarize and assess LIBs recycling from the perspectives of necessity (such as economy, environment, sustainability, and geography), current (such as pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods), and novel (such as direct regeneration/repair methods) recycling technologies. We also discuss the viability of implementing the current recycling technologies in next-generation Li-based batteries.The overuse and exploitation of fossil fuels has triggered the energy crisis and caused tremendous issues for the society. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as one of the most important renewable energy storage technologies, have experienced booming progress, especially with the drastic growth of electric vehicles. To avoid massive mineral mining and the opening of new mines, battery recycling to extract valuable species from spent LIBs is essential for the development of renewable energy. Therefore, LIBs recycling needs to be widely promoted/ applied and the advanced recycling technolog...

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Section: Hydrometallurgical Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recycling Strategies For Conventional Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress, Key Issues, and Future Prospects for Li‐Ion Battery Recycling

Wang

et al. 2022

Global Challenges

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“…For the regeneration process of electrode materials, there are mainly direct recycling and direct synthesis currently. [124][125][126][127] Direct recycling technology can maintain the original value of cathode materials to the greatest extent by repairing the chemical composition and structural defects of spent cathode materials. [128][129][130][131] For the cathode material, the irreversible structural change caused by the loss of lithium is the main problem leading to its capacity fading, so the main repair method is to reinject Li + into the material and repair the structure.…”

Section: Recycling and Reusing-rebooting Slibsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the regeneration process of electrode materials, there are mainly direct recycling and direct synthesis currently. [ 124–127 ]…”

Section: Obtaining Directional Produce Of Slibsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and prospect on the recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries: Ending is beginning

Yang

Zhao

et al. 2022

Carbon Neutralization

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The new energy vehicle market has grown rapidly due to the promotion of electric vehicles. Considering the average effective lives and calendar lives of power batteries, the world is gradually ushering in the retirement peak of spent lithium‐ion batteries (SLIBs). Without proper disposal, such a large number of SLIBs can be grievous waste of resources and serious pollution for the environment. This review provides a systematic overview of current solutions for SLIBs recycling, ranging from battery failure assessment, disassembly, and component separation to derived material recovery and reuse. In this review, several pretreatment methods for SLIBs are introduced. Subsequently, novel recovery and reuse processes are discussed to develop sustainable and efficient recycling processes. Finally, different scientific approaches are investigated, aiming at promoting the transformation of the SLIBs recycling industry to a circular economy. Based on this review, it is possible to improve existing processes or develop sustainable environmentally friendly and efficient alternative processes for recycling end‐of‐life batteries.

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“…Therefore, it is urgent to recycle LIBs. In pyrometallurgical processes, there are disadvantages of high operating temperatures, high energy costs, harmful exhaust emissions, infrastructure scrubbing, and less comprehensive metal recovery (Al and Li). , Hydrometallurgy not only consumes harmful chemicals (corrosive mineral acid/alkali solutions), long processing times, and expensive extracts, but also produces secondary wastes including waste acids, sludge, and high-salt solutions. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient and Precipitant-Free Approach to Selectively Recover Lithium Cobalt Oxide Made for Cathode Materials Using a Microwave-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Energy Fuels

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The recovery of cathode materials using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) still requires a long leaching time and relatively high temperatures. The poor selectivity of the leaching process leads to the low purity of the precipitate. Herein, a microwave-assisted choline chlorine–oxalate–water system was designed to selectively leach Li and recover high-purity cobalt oxalate simultaneously, which could greatly shorten the extraction time and decrease the leaching temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy methods were used to explore the mechanism of microwave-assisted DES leaching of valuable metals from lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). It was found that 99.05% of Li could be selectively leached and 99.21% of Co could be precipitated as cobalt oxalate at 100 °C in 10 min simultaneously. The purity of cobalt oxalate precipitated was 95.36% without any purification procedures. A new polymer compound Co2+[(Ch+) x (Cl–) y (HC2O4 –) z ] was formed during the microwave-assisted leaching process. The compound could be hydrolyzed, and the cobalt oxalate precipitate appeared by increasing the water content in the DES. Finally, the DES for the recovery of LCO could be cycled four times with favorable selectivity. A low-pollution, efficient, process-simple, and precipitant-free technology using a microwave-assisted DES for selective recovery of LCO was proposed, which provided an important reference method for large-scale recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries.

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Lithium metal recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries by cathode overcharging process

Cited by 27 publications

References 38 publications

Progress, Key Issues, and Future Prospects for Li‐Ion Battery Recycling

Progress, Key Issues, and Future Prospects for Li‐Ion Battery Recycling

Progress and prospect on the recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries: Ending is beginning

An Efficient and Precipitant-Free Approach to Selectively Recover Lithium Cobalt Oxide Made for Cathode Materials Using a Microwave-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent

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