Lithium levels in drinking water and risk of suicide

Ohgami, Hirochika; Terao, Takeshi; Shiotsuki, Ippei; Ishii, Nobuyoshi; Iwata, Noboru

doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.055798

Cited by 194 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In some regions of the world, [7,9] in order to increase the daily intake of lithium in human nutrition, lithium is added as a supplement in the potable water (tap water), with the fi nal concentration of lithium in water of 170 μg/L. Low lithium concentration in potable water from multiple public water supply systems from the network in the Republic of Macedonia points to the possibility for a beginning of the enrichment of Macedonian potable water with lithium.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[10] The obtained results [ Research shows that concentration of lithium in the potable water, surface water, water from wells boreholes and mineral water from the territory of Republic of Macedonia is in accordance with the relevant international values for the content of lithium in water. [7,11] …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lithium can replace sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium ions from the enzymes cofactors. [5] According to Ohgami et al [7] the luck of lithium in the body leads to a change in people's behavior and increased aggression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lithium content in potable water, surface water, ground water, and mineral water on the territory of Republic of Macedonia

Kostik¹,

Bauer²,

Kavrakovski³

2014

Int J Med Public Health

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lithium content in potable water, surface water, ground water, and mineral water on the territory of Republic of Macedonia

Kostik¹,

Bauer²,

Kavrakovski³

2014

Int J Med Public Health

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“…Several epidemiological studies have shown the inverse association of lithium levels in tap water and suicide rates [1][2][3][4][5][6], although a few studies failed to find such association [7] or have reported an ambiguous association [8]. However, many people drink both mineral water and tap water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of lithium levels between Japanese and foreign mineral waters

Ishii¹,

Terao²,

Shiotsuki³

et al. 2017

CNPT

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Purpose: To measure the lithium levels of mineral waters and compare those of Japanese mineral waters to foreign ones. Methods: The lithium levels of Japanese mineral waters, foreign mineral waters, and Japanese tap waters were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test due to a skewed distribution. Results: As a whole, there was a significant difference between the 3 groups. Post hoc comparison by Bonferroni correction revealed that the lithium levels of foreign mineral waters were significantly higher than Japanese mineral waters and tap waters, though there was no significant difference between Japanese mineral waters and tap waters. Discussion: The present findings indicate that foreign mineral waters may have higher lithium levels than Japanese mineral waters and tap waters. In future studies, it is desirable to consider which type of mineral waters (Japanese or foreign) the residents drink, for adjustment of the analytic data of any potential lithium effect on suicide rates and other mental states.

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“…After almost 70 years of medical research, lithium salts have been shown effective for the protection against mania and depression, especially in the acute and long-term management of bipolar disorder 2 , and reducing both suicide and mortality in mood disorders 3,4 . More recently, new biological properties of lithium have been discovered, considering the drug for a pharmacological option for neurodegenerative and spinal cord disorders such as Alzheimer's disease 5 , amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 6 and chronic spinal cord injuries 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium safety and tolerability in mood disorders: a critical review

Aprahamian¹,

Sousa²,

Valiengo³

et al. 2014

Rev. psiquiatr. clín.

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Background: Lithium is a first-line treatment for bipolar disorder in all phases, also indicated as add-on drug for unipolar depression and suicide prevention. This study encompasses a broad critical review on the safety and tolerability of lithium for mood disorders. Methods: A computerized search for English written human studies was made in MEDLINE, using the keywords "lithium" and "mood disorders", starting from July 1993 through July 2013 (n = 416). This initial search aimed to select clinical trials, prospective data, and controlled design studies of lithium treatment for mood disorders reporting adverse effects (n = 36). The final selection yielded 91 studies. Results: The most common general side effects in patients on lithium treatment were thirst, frequent urination, dry mouth, weight gain, fatigue and cognitive complaints. Lithium users showed a high prevalence of hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and decrease in urinary concentration ability. Reduction of glomerular filtration rate in patients using lithium was also observed, but in a lesser extent. The evidence of teratogenicity associated with lithium use is not well established. Anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs, thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and alprazolam may increase serum lithium and the consequent risk for intoxication. Discussion: Short-term lithium treatment is associated with mild side effects. Medium and long-term lithium treatment, however, might have effects on target organs which may be prevented by periodical monitoring. Overall, lithium is still a safe option for the treatment of mood disorders.

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Lithium levels in drinking water and risk of suicide

Cited by 194 publications

References 5 publications

Lithium content in potable water, surface water, ground water, and mineral water on the territory of Republic of Macedonia

Lithium content in potable water, surface water, ground water, and mineral water on the territory of Republic of Macedonia

Comparison of lithium levels between Japanese and foreign mineral waters

Lithium safety and tolerability in mood disorders: a critical review

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