Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Cycling and Usage Analysis in a Heavy-Duty Truck Field Study

Abstract

This paper presents results from a field test performed on commercial power-optimized lithium-ion battery cells cycled on three heavy-duty trucks. The goal with this study was to age battery cells in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) environment and find suitable methods for identifying cell ageing. The battery cells were cycled on in-house developed equipment intended for testing on conventional vehicles by emulating an HEV environment. A hybrid strategy that allows battery usage to vary within certain limits depending on driving patterns was used. This concept allows unobtrusive and low-cost testing of battery cells under realistic conditions. Each truck was equipped with one cell cycling equipment and two battery cells. One cell per vehicle was cycled during the test period while a reference cell on each vehicle experienced the same environmental conditions without being cycled. Differential voltage analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to identify ageing of the tested battery cells. Analysis of driving patterns and battery usage was performed from collected vehicle data and battery cell data.

Manganese in the SEI Layer of Li4Ti5O12 Studied by Combined NEXAFS and HAXPES Techniques

“…The higher intercalation potential would avoid lithium plating, and LTO has shown to have minimal volume expansion during cycling, making it a very robust anode material that allows for a very high number of cycles; e.g., cycling for over 1000 cycles with only small cell degradation in field tests with busses. 3 The relative abundance of the required elements also makes LTO a good materials candidate due to production scalability and relative cost-effectiveness.…”

“…In this context, lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , LTO) with an intercalating potential of 1.55 V vs Li/Li + (hereafter all potentials are presented vs Li/Li + ) has been proposed as an alternative negative LIB electrode material. The higher intercalation potential would avoid lithium plating, and LTO has shown to have minimal volume expansion during cycling, making it a very robust anode material that allows for a very high number of cycles; e.g., cycling for over 1000 cycles with only small cell degradation in field tests with busses . The relative abundance of the required elements also makes LTO a good materials candidate due to production scalability and relative cost-effectiveness.…”

Analyzing Discharging and Charging Performance of a Lithium-Ion Battery

“…Usage analysis and lithium-ion battery cell cycling were studied (3). The aim of this investigation was to age battery cells in an environment for hybrid electric vehicle and to identify appropriate methods for determining cell ageing (3).…”