Lithium-ion battery 2nd life used as a stationary energy storage system: Ageing and economic analysis in two real cases

Rallo, H.; Casals, Lluc Canals; Torre, David De la; Reinhardt, Robert; Marchante, Carlos; Amante, Beatriz

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122584

Cited by 79 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Automotive manufacturers recommend replacing batteries when the remaining energy capacity reaches 70% to 80% of the original energy capacity [4]. Rallo et al [5] found that the aging of batteries plays a significant role in economic results, besides the price of batteries. It is expected that the price of batteries will decrease due to the volume effect of growing electromobility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is expected that the price of batteries will decrease due to the volume effect of growing electromobility. This development will make SESSs economically interesting [5]. Knowing the aging and speed of aging is relevant for the safe operation of battery modules of a second-life battery storage system, as the risk of damage increases with progressive aging [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrical Characterization of Li-Ion Battery Modules for Second-Life Applications

et al. 2021

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The reuse and repurposing of lithium-ion batteries for transportation in stationary energy systems improve the economic value of batteries. A precise suitability test at the beginning of the second life is therefore necessary. Common methods such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and current interrupt (CI) analysis, as well as capacity analysis, can be used for testing. In this paper, these methods are studied from the aspects of test duration, sensitivity and acquisition costs of the measuring instruments. For this purpose, tests are carried out on battery modules, which were used for transportation. It is shown that subtle differences are better detected with EIS and less accurately with the CI method. The test duration is fastest with the CI method, followed by EIS and the capacity test. Strongly aged modules are reliably detected with all methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Characterization of Li-Ion Battery Modules for Second-Life Applications

et al. 2021

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“…For this reason, it cannot be ruled out that in standalone renewable energy systems, lead-acid batteries still have a future. As an alternative, the use of Li-ion batteries recycled for a second life is also being considered in standalone systems [37] and other stationary applications [38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Economic Performance of Lead-Acid and Li-Ion Batteries in Standalone Photovoltaic Energy Systems

et al. 2021

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Standalone renewable energy systems usually incorporate batteries to get a steady energy supply. Currently, Li-ion batteries are gradually displacing lead-acid ones. In practice, the choice is made without previous comparison of its profitability in each case. This work compares the economic performance of both types of battery, in five real case studies with different demand profiles. For each case, two sets of simulations are carried out. In one of the sets, the energy demand is supplied by a standalone photovoltaic system and, in the other one, by a standalone hybrid photovoltaic-diesel system. Through optimization processes, the economic optimum solutions are obtained. In addition, sensitivity analyses on various parameters have been carried out, seeking the influence in favor of one or another type of battery. The results show that if the type of battery is changed, to achieve the economic optimum the entire system must be resized. In some cases, the economic optimum is reached with Li-ion and in others with lead-acid batteries, depending on the demand profiles. Thus, both types of batteries can be profitable options in standalone energy systems, with a greater tendency to lead-acid in fully photovoltaic systems and to Li-ion in hybrids. The price reductions that would make Li-ion the only choice is quantified.

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“…In the second-life market there are three levels of reuse: pack, module and cell [5]. Battery cells can be used in applications related to stationary energy storage systems (SESSs), where the battery reuse extends their lifespan by 40% [6]. In addition, they can be ideal for frequency containment and restoration reserves (FCR and FRR) in on-grid regulation [7], or in the residential sector to support solar energy production [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Values for the relative deployment index (DI), as defined in Equation (5), for the cells under study. Separability index (SI) as defined in Equation(6). Better results shown in green.…”

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confidence: 99%

Unsupervised Neural Networks for Identification of Aging Conditions in Li-Ion Batteries

et al. 2021

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This paper explores a new methodology based on data-driven approaches to identify and track degradation processes in Li-ion batteries. Our goal is to study if it is possible to differentiate the state of degradation of cells that present similar aging in terms of overall parameters (similar remaining capacity, state of health or internal resistance), but that have had different applications or conditions of use (different discharge currents, depth of discharges, temperatures, etc.). For this purpose, this study proposed to analyze voltage waveforms of cells obtained in cycling tests by using an unsupervised neural network, the Self-Organizing Map (SOM). In this work, a laboratory dataset of real Li-ion cells was used, and the SOM algorithm processed battery cell features, thus carrying out smart sensing of the battery. It was shown that our methodology differentiates the previous conditions of use (history) of a cell, complementing conventional metrics such as the state of health, which could be useful for the growing second-life market because it allows for determining more precisely the state of disease of a battery and assesses its suitability for a specific application.

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Lithium-ion battery 2nd life used as a stationary energy storage system: Ageing and economic analysis in two real cases

Cited by 79 publications

References 36 publications

Electrical Characterization of Li-Ion Battery Modules for Second-Life Applications

Electrical Characterization of Li-Ion Battery Modules for Second-Life Applications

Comparison of Economic Performance of Lead-Acid and Li-Ion Batteries in Standalone Photovoltaic Energy Systems

Unsupervised Neural Networks for Identification of Aging Conditions in Li-Ion Batteries

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