Lithium ion and water balance in rats

Ellman, George L.; Gan, George L.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(73)90032-x

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In the present studies Li was added to the dried diet, and, apart from the day 1 reduction in food intake, produced a regime akin to the clinical one. This contrasts with other studies in which intraperitoneal or intragastric routes of administration, both stressful procedures, were employed (Baer, Kassir & Fieve, 1970; Martinez-Maldonado, Stavroulaki-Tsapara, Tsaparas, Suki & Eknoyan, 1975) and in which Li was added to the drinking water (Ellman & Gan, 1973). In the latter case, there are obvious difficulties regarding the quantities given, since the induced polydipsia causes the animal to increase its Li load.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The ion may have direct neural actions which impinge upon the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system. For example, Li is accumulated in the pituitary gland (Wittrig, Woods & Anthony, 1970) and can deplete the hypothalamoneurohypophysial system of neurosecretory material (Ellman & Gan, 1973;Hochman & Gutman, 1974 (Torp-Pedersen & Thorn, 1973). These effects may be associated with, or perhaps be essential components of, the Li actions on CNS sodium fluxes (Baker, 1971).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time Course of Lithium‐induced Alterations in Renal and Endocrine Function in Normal and Brattleboro Rats With Hypothalamic Diabetes Insipidus

Balment

Jones

Henderson

1977

British J Pharmacology

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I A lithium chloride (1.1 g/kg) supplemented diet was given to Long Evans (LE) and Brattleboro (DI) rats to investigate its actions in the presence (LE) and absence (DI) of vasopressin. 2 During the first 24 h, Li-supplemented LE rats displayed an initial water deficit (drinking less than renal output), increased plasma antidiuretic (ADH) titres and slightly increased plasma renin activities (PRA) and plasma osmolarities. Such changes were qualitatively similar to those seen in rats fed a normal diet, but deprived of water for 24 hours. After 12 days, the Li-supplemented rats had elevated plasma ADH titres, but reduced pituitary oxytocic and antidiuretic activities. 3 The urinary losses of Na, K and Cl exceeded dietary intakes in LE rats on the introduction of the Li-supplement, and the urinary osmolarity fell by 50%. Electrolyte balances were gradually reestablished, although drinking and urine production increased in parallel to reach twice the control values by day 12 of the supplement. 4 Aldosterone and corticosterone secretory rates and their peripheral plasma concentrations were unchanged both after 24 h and 28 days of the Li-supplement. 5 Li elicited no water deficit or saluresis in DI rats, and although the polyuria and polydipsia were exacerbated, urinary osmolarity did not change over the 12 day observation period. 6 Li increased Ca excretion in both rat types; after 12 days the PRA of DI but not LE animals was increased. 7 It is concluded that the overall renal actions of Li are tempered by vasopressin rather than adrenocorticosteroids.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Course of Lithium‐induced Alterations in Renal and Endocrine Function in Normal and Brattleboro Rats With Hypothalamic Diabetes Insipidus

Balment

Jones

Henderson

1977

British J Pharmacology

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“…Evidence has since emerged to show that high doses of lithium can impair conservation of sodium, so that rats administered lithium in food choose to drink saline rather than water, thus minimizing lithium toxicity (Schreiber & Roh&ovi, 1971;Thomsen, Jensen & Olesen, 1974). Furthermore, an inverse relationship between the intake of lithium and of sodium chloride solutions has been noted (Strom et al, 1970;Ellman & Gan, 1973). The present work examines the voluntary consumption of the two salts (LiCl, NaCI) and water by rats, using a two-bottle choice situation and baseline water intake measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary Lithium Intake, ‘Antidotal Thirst’ and Concurrent Behaviour of Rats

Langham¹,

Syme

1975

British J Pharmacology

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I Voluntary intake of various pair combinations of fluids (100 mM, 10 mM LiCl, 10 mM NaCl, water) and body weight was measured daily in rats. 2 More lithium was consumed when water was available. 3 When offered a lithium-sodium choice the rats did not consume significantly more saline than water on the previous trial. While saline consumption increased over the two days, lithium decreased slightly. 4 Following the lithium-only trial, water and saline were provided. Marked polydipsia was observed on the first day and the rats drank more water than saline. On the second day there was a significant drop in saline intake while water consumption returned to baseline levels. 5Behavioural measurements overall confirmed the depressant effect of lithium: decreased ambulation and rearing and increased time spent immobile/grooming. 6 These findings are discussed with reference to lithium toxicity, which may be a confounding variable in studies concerned with the effects of this salt on the behaviour of laboratory rodents. Behavioural irritability such as aggression reported in situations using long-term lithium treatment may be reduced by provision for voluntary saline consumption.

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