Lithium insertion into manganese spinels

Thackeray, M. M.; David, William I. F.; Bruce, Peter G.; Goodenough, John B

doi:10.1016/0025-5408(83)90138-1

Cited by 1,627 publications

(1,063 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Okubo et al [275] have demonstrated an important size-effect occurring in LiMn2O4 particles, confirming that bulk particle sizes are unable to achieve complete lithiation (up to Li2Mn2O4), due to their lower surface area. Instances where intercalation results in insertion of greater than one equivalent of Li + (LixMn2O4 1 < x < 2), are met by a structural transition from tetragonal to cubic spinel phase resulting in large unit cell expansion [279]. For bulk particles, a core-shell structure is suggested, where shells exist entirely of the tetragonal spinel phase which is solely active towards intercalation.…”

Section: Limnxoymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the performance of nanostructured materials as lithium-ion battery electrodes

et al. 2013

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Access to the full text of the published version may require a subscription. Rights © Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin ABSTRACTThe performance of the lithium-ion cell is heavily dependent on the ability of the host electrodes to accommodate and release Li + ions from the local structure. While the choice of electrode materials may define parameters such as cell potential and capacity, the process of intercalation may be physically limited by the rate of solid-state Li + diffusion. Increased diffusion rates in lithium-ion electrodes may be achieved through a reduction in the diffusion path, accomplished by a scaling of the respective electrode dimensions.In addition, some electrodes may undergo large volume changes associated with charging and discharging, the strain of which, may be better accommodated through nanostructuring. Failure of the host to accommodate such volume changes may lead to pulverisation of the local structure and a rapid loss of capacity. In this review article, we seek to highlight a number of significant gains in the development of nanostructured lithium-ion battery architectures (both anode and cathode), as drivers of potential next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices.

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Section: Limnxoymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the performance of nanostructured materials as lithium-ion battery electrodes

et al. 2013

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“…Spinel LiMn 2 O 4 and layered LiMnO 2 are being used as lithium ion battery cathode materials [1][2][3][4][5][6]. LiMn 2 O 4 is known to be cubic spinel at room temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppression of Jahn–Teller distortion by chromium and magnesium doping in spinel LiMn2O4: A first-principles study using GGA and GGA+U

Singh

Gupta

Prasad

et al. 2009

Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids

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The effect of doping spinel LiMn 2 O 4 with chromium and magnesium has been studied using the first-principles spin density functional theory within GGA (generalized gradient approximation) and GGA+U. We find that GGA and GGA+U give different ground states for pristine LiMn 2 O 4 and same ground state for doped systems. For LiMn 2 O 4 the body centered tetragonal phase was found to be the ground state structure using GGA and face centered orthorhombic using GGA+U, while for LiM 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 (M= Cr or Mg) it was base centered monoclinic and for LiMMnO 4 (M= Cr or Mg) it was body centered orthorhombic in both GGA and GGA+U. We find that GGA predicts the pristine LiMn 2 O 4 to be metallic while GGA+U predicts it to be the insulating which is in accordance with the experimental observations. For doped spinels, GGA predicts the ground state to be half metallic while GGA+U predicts it to be insulating or metallic depending on the doping concentration. GGA+U predicts insulator-metal-insulator transition as a function of doping in case of Cr and in case of Mg the ground state is found to go from insulating to a half metallic state as a function of doping. Analysis of the charge density and the density of 2 states suggest a charge transfer from the dopants to the neighboring oxygen atoms and manganese atoms. We have calculated the Jahn-Teller active mode displacement Q 3 for doped compounds using GGA and GGA+U. The bond lengths calculated from GGA+U are found to be in better agreement with the experimental bond lengths. Based on the bond lengths of metal and oxygen, we have also estimated the average oxidation states of the dopants.

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“…Table 2 gathers the most commonly used cathode materials and their main characteristics (T and Makimura 2001), (Padhi et al 1997), (David et al 1983).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact

Casals

García

Aguesse

et al. 2015

Int J Life Cycle Assess

133

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Nowadays, the electric vehicle is one of the most promising alternatives for sustainable transportation. However, the battery, which is one of the most important components, is the main contributor to environmental impact and faces recycling issues. In order to reduce the carbon footprint and to minimize the overall recycling processes, this paper introduces the concept of re-use of electric vehicle batteries, analyzing some possible second-life applications.\ud Methods\ud First, the boundaries of the life cycle assessment of an electric vehicle are defined, considering the use of the battery in a second-life application. To perform the study, we present eight different scenarios for the second-life application. For each case, the energy, the efficiency, and the lifetime of the battery are calculated. Additionally, and based on the global warming potential, the environmental impact of the electric vehicle and its battery on a second-life application is determined for each scenario. Finally, an environmentally focused discussion on battery electrodes and research trends is presented.\ud Results and discussion\ud For the selected scenarios, the second life of the battery varies from 8 to 20 years depending on the application and the requirements. It has been observed that the batteries connected to the electricity grid for energy arbitrage storage have the highest impact per provided kilowatt hour. On the contrary, the environmental benefit comes from applications working with renewable energy sources and presenting a longer lifetime. We pointed out that a correlation between cycling conditions and degradation mechanisms of the electrode materials is compulsory for proper use of the electric vehicle battery in a second-life application.\ud Conclusions\ud To limit the environmental impact, batteries should be associated with renewable energy sources in stationary applications. However, it is more profitable to re-use Li-ion batteries than to use new lead-acid batteries. Although many batteries applied for electric vehicles use graphite-based anodes, the latter may not be the most suitable for the second-life application. A better understanding of Li-ion battery degradation during the second-life application is required for the different existing chemistries.Postprint (author's final draft

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Lithium insertion into manganese spinels

Cited by 1,627 publications

References 5 publications

Evaluating the performance of nanostructured materials as lithium-ion battery electrodes

Evaluating the performance of nanostructured materials as lithium-ion battery electrodes

Suppression of Jahn–Teller distortion by chromium and magnesium doping in spinel LiMn2O4: A first-principles study using GGA and GGA+U

Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact

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