Lithium compounds for thermochemical energy storage: A state-of-the-art review and future trends

Marín, Paula E.; Milián, Yanio E.; Ushak, Svetlana; Cabeza, Luisa F.; Grágeda, Mario; Shire, G. S. F.

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111381

Cited by 23 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(118 reference statements)

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“…Due to this great potential, several pure salt hydrates and composite systems with different salts were investigated: e.g., LiBr [6], MgSO 4 [7], CaCl 2 [8], SrCl 2 [9], and LiCl [10]. Among them, LiCl is one of the salts that raised more interest for low/medium temperature (i.e., below 120 • C) TES application [11]. Indeed, the high-energy density of the LiCl-based system makes it an attractive candidate from the heat storage capacity cost perspective, thus resulting in one of the materials with a lower cost per kWh stored (~6 €/kWh) [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Observation of LiCl Deliquescence in PDMS-Based Composite Foams

et al. 2022

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The LiCl-based heat storage system exhibits a high-energy density, making it an attractive and one of the most investigated candidates for low-temperature heat storage applications. Nevertheless, lithium chloride, due to its hygroscopic nature, incurs the phenomenon of deliquescence, which causes some operational challenges, such as agglomeration, corrosion, and swelling problems during hydration/dehydration cycles. Here, we propose a composite material based on silicone vapor-permeable foam filled with the salt hydrate, hereafter named LiCl-PDMS, aiming at confining the salt in a matrix to prevent deliquescence-related issues but without inhibiting the vapour flow. In particular, the structural and morphological modification during hydration/dehydration cycles is investigated on the composite foam, which is prepared with a salt content of 40 wt.%. A characterization protocol coupling temperature scanned X-ray diffraction (XRD) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) analysis is established. The operando conditions of the dehydration/hydration cycle were reproduced while structural and morphological characterizations were performed, allowing for the evaluation of the interaction between the salt and the water vapor environment in the confined silicon matrix. The material energy density was also measured with a customized coupled thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimetric analysis (TG/DSC). The results show an effective embedding of the material, which limits the salt solution release when overhydrated. Additionally, the flexibility of the matrix allows for the volume shrinkage/expansion of the salt caused by the cyclic dehydration/hydration reactions without any damages to the foam structure. The LiCl-PDMS foam has an energy density of 1854 kJ/kg or 323 kWh/m3, thus making it a competitive candidate among other LiCl salt hydrate composites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological Observation of LiCl Deliquescence in PDMS-Based Composite Foams

et al. 2022

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“…In most of these investigations, Li compounds are used. However, the demand for Li compounds will increase in the future 22) , and the price of Li compounds is high because of the cost of refining Li compounds from their raw materials such as ore and brine 23) . Therefore, reducing the amount of Li compounds used as additives is desirable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dehydration Reactivity of Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> Containing Low Amounts of Li-additives for Thermochemical Energy Storage

2022

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Synopsis: Mg(OH) 2 is a chemical heat storage material suitable for the utilization of unused heat at 300-400 °C. It has been reported that the addition of Li compounds to Mg(OH) 2 promotes the dehydration of Mg(OH) 2 . However, the demand for Li compounds has increased in recent years and the price of Li compounds is relatively high. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to enhance the dehydration reactivity of Mg(OH) 2 with a small amount of Li. In this study, several alkali metal chlorides and hydroxides such as LiCl and NaOH or KOH were added to Mg(OH) 2 , and the dehydration reactivity and composition of the corresponding mixtures were investigated. The samples prepared using 5 mol% LiCl and 10 mol% NaOH (LiCl-5NaOH-10) or 2.5 mol% KOH (LiCl-5KOH-2.5) showed excellent dehydration reactivity and were dehydrated below 300 °C with comparatively lower amounts of Li compounds than those reported in previous studies. These results indicate that these samples have great potential as low-cost chemical heat storage materials.However, the stabilities of these samples in air are quite different. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis of the data, the results are associated with the composition of Cl

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“…Nowadays, Li is known as one of the most demanding materials with ever-increasing applications in different fields of research such as medicine [1,2], energy storage devices [3][4][5], air treatment products [6], Li-ion batteries [3,7,8], ceramics and glass [9][10][11], lubricating greases, polymer production, and alloys [12][13][14]. Li is the lightest alkali metal with a density of 0.534 g/cm 3 , which is electrochemically active with a high electrode potential of −3.05 V and has the highest specific heat capacity of any solid element.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism Understanding of Li-ion Separation Using A Perovskite-Based Membrane

et al. 2022

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Lithium ions play a crucial role in the energy storage industry. Finding suitable lithium-ion-conductive membranes is one of the important issues of energy storage studies. Hence, a perovskite-based membrane, Lithium Lanthanum Titanate (LLTO), was innovatively implemented in the presence and absence of solvents to precisely understand the mechanism of lithium ion separation. The ion-selective membrane’s mechanism and the perovskite-based membrane’s efficiency were investigated using Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation. The results specified that the change in the ambient condition, pH, and temperature led to a shift in LLTO pore sizes. Based on the results, pH plays an undeniable role in facilitating lithium ion transmission through the membrane. It is noticeable that the hydrogen bond interaction between the ions and membrane led to an expanding pore size, from (1.07 Å) to (1.18–1.20 Å), successfully enriching lithium from seawater. However, this value in the absence of the solvent would have been 1.1 Å at 50. It was found that increasing the temperature slightly impacted lithium extraction. The charge analysis exhibited that the trapping energies applied by the membrane to the first three ions (Li+, K+, and Na+) were more than the ions’ hydration energies. Therefore, Li+, K+, and Na+ were fully dehydrated, whereas Mg2+ was partially dehydrated and could not pass through the membrane. Evaluating the membrane window diameter, and the combined effect of the three key parameters (barrier energy, hydration energy, and binding energy) illustrates that the required energy to transport Li ions through the membrane is higher than that for other monovalent cations.

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Lithium compounds for thermochemical energy storage: A state-of-the-art review and future trends

Cited by 23 publications

References 96 publications

Morphological Observation of LiCl Deliquescence in PDMS-Based Composite Foams

Morphological Observation of LiCl Deliquescence in PDMS-Based Composite Foams

Dehydration Reactivity of Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> Containing Low Amounts of Li-additives for Thermochemical Energy Storage

Mechanism Understanding of Li-ion Separation Using A Perovskite-Based Membrane

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