Lithium Batteries Recycling

Ekberg, Christian; Petraniková, Martina

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801417-2.00007-4

Cited by 42 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…In this process, waste batteries are first shredded under inert gas and then chemically treated. A more detailed process description can be found in Ekberg and Petranikova (2015). Resulting process outputs are the metal constituents contained in the cathode material (lithium salts and respective other metals) as well as separated parts of the cell housing (aluminum, copper, and plastic).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward a cell‐chemistry specific life cycle assessment of lithium‐ion battery recycling processes

Mohr

Peters

Baumann

et al. 2020

J of Industrial Ecology

181

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On the basis of a review of existing life cycle assessment studies on lithium‐ion battery recycling, we parametrize process models of state‐of‐the‐art pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling, enabling their application to different cell chemistries, including beyond‐lithium batteries such as sodium‐ion batteries. These processes are used as benchmark for evaluating an advanced hydrometallurgical recycling process, which is modeled on the basis of primary data obtained from a recycling company, quantifying the potential reduction of environmental impacts that can be achieved by the recycling of different cell chemistries. Depending on the cell chemistry, recycling can reduce significantly the potential environmental impacts of battery production. The highest benefit is obtained via advanced hydrometallurgical treatment for lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide‐type batteries, mainly because of the recovery of cobalt and nickel. Especially under resource depletion aspects, recycling of these cells can reduce their impact to an extent that even leads to a lower “net impact” than that of cells made from majorly abundant and cheap materials like lithium iron phosphate, which shows a more favorable performance when recycling is disregarded. For these cells, recycling does not necessarily provide benefits but can rather cause additional environmental impacts. This indicates that maximum material recovery might not always be favorable under environmental aspects and that, especially for the final hydrometallurgical treatment, the process would need to be adapted to the specific cell chemistry, if one wants to obtain maximum environmental benefit.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Process flows, including all considered product outputs. Inputs, waste and emissions not displayed (Diekmann et al., 2017; Duesenfeld GmbH, 2014; Ekberg & Petranikova, 2015; Fisher et al., 2006)…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a cell‐chemistry specific life cycle assessment of lithium‐ion battery recycling processes

Mohr

Peters

Baumann

et al. 2020

J of Industrial Ecology

181

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“…The decomposition i.e., dissolution of LiCoO 2 is a reduction reaction in nature, as opposed to, e.g., metallic copper dissolution, and thus requires the addition of a reduction agent. Previous research shows that the leaching efficiencies of lithium and cobalt can reach or even exceed 99% with the addition of reductants such as hydrogen peroxide, D-glucose, and ascorbic acid to the leaching solution [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming increasingly important due to the depletion of natural resources and potential pollution from the spent batteries. In this work, different types of acids (2 M citric (C 6 H 8 O 7 ), 1 M oxalic (C 2 H 2 O 4 ), 2 M sulfuric (H 2 SO 4 ), 4 M hydrochloric (HCl), and 1 M nitric (HNO 3 ) acid)) and reducing agents (hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) and ascorbic acid (C 6 H 8 O 6 )) were selected for investigating the recovery of valuable metals from waste LIBs. The crushed and sieved material contained on average 23% (w/w) cobalt, 3% (w/w) lithium, and 1-5% (w/w) nickel, copper, manganese, aluminum, and iron. Results indicated that mineral acids (4 M HCl and 2 M H 2 SO 4 with 1% (v/v) H 2 O 2 ) produced generally higher yields compared with organic acids, with a nearly complete dissolution of lithium, cobalt, and nickel at 25 • C with a slurry density of 5% (w/v). Further leaching experiments carried out with H 2 SO 4 media and different reducing agents with a slurry density of 10% (w/v) show that nearly all of the cobalt and lithium can be leached out in sulfuric acid (2 M) when using C 6 H 8 O 6 as a reducing agent (10% g/g scraps ) at 80 • C.

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“…There are two basic technologies for the recycling of spent Li-ion batteries: The pyrometallurgical and the hydrometallurgical process [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. The pyrometallurgical route is a smelting process in which spent Li-ion batteries are entirely melted down without further pretreatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Li(Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33)O2 from Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: Aspects of Degradation

et al. 2019

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Nickel–manganese–cobalt oxides, with LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2 (NMC) as the most prominent compound, are state-of-the-art cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. The growing market for electro mobility has led to a growing global demand for Li, Co, Ni, and Mn, making spent lithium-ion batteries a valuable secondary resource. Going forward, energy- and resource-inefficient pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling strategies must be avoided. We presented an approach to recover NMC particles from spent lithium-ion battery cathodes while preserving their chemical and morphological properties, with a minimal use of chemicals. The key task was the separation of the cathode coating layer consisting of NMC, an organic binder, and carbon black, from the Al substrate foil. This can be performed in water under strong agitation to support the slow detachment process. However, the contact of the NMC cathode with water leads to a release of Li+ ions and a fast increase in the pH. Unwanted side reactions may occur as the Al substrate foil starts to dissolve and Al(OH)3 precipitates on the NMC. These side reactions are avoided using pH-adjusted solutions with sufficiently high buffer capacities to separate the coating layer from the Al substrate, without precipitations and without degradation of the NMC particles.

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Lithium Batteries Recycling

Cited by 42 publications

References 44 publications

Toward a cell‐chemistry specific life cycle assessment of lithium‐ion battery recycling processes

Toward a cell‐chemistry specific life cycle assessment of lithium‐ion battery recycling processes

Leaching of Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Recovery of Li(Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33)O2 from Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: Aspects of Degradation

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