Lithium and Lithium Compounds

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Properties 2.1. Physical Properties 2.2. Chemical Properties 3. Occurrence 3.1. Important Lithium Minerals 3.1.1. Lithium Aluminum Silicates 3.1.2. Micas 3.1.3. Lithium Phosphates 3.1.4. Other Lithium Ores 3.2. Reserves of Lithium Minerals 3.3. Lithium in Natural Brines 4. Production of Primary Lithium Compounds 4.1. Mining of Ore and Production of Concentrate 4.2. Ore Digestion and Production of Lithium Compounds 4.2.1. Acid Digestion 4.2.2. Alkali Digestion 4.2.3. Ion‐Exchange Processes 4.3. Production of Lithium Carbonate from Brines 5. Lithium Metal and Lithium Alloys 5.1. Production of Lithium Metal 5.2. Uses of Lithium Metal 5.3. Lithium Alloys 6. Lithium Compounds 6.1. Inorganic Lithium Compounds and Lithium Salts 6.2. Organolithium Compounds, Lithium Alkylamides, and Lithium Alkoxides 7. Quality Specifications and Analysis 8. Toxicology and Occupational Health 9. Economic Aspects

Sequential metalation of benzene: electronic, bonding, magnetotropic and spectroscopic properties of coinage metalated benzenes studied by DFT

“…Among the metalation processes studied so far, lithiation, which yields very reactive organolithium reagents with applications in synthetic organic chemistry, is perhaps the most widely studied [1][2][3][4]. Of immense importance is the lithiation of arenes by means of the so-called directed ortho metalation (DoM) method [2].…”

Structural Characterisation and Chemical Stability of Commercial Fibrous Carbons in Molten Lithium Salts

“…Thus, LiBr alone does not affect the carbon structure of the materials, and its chemical reactivity with the CFs is considered negligible. The chemical inertness of CFs in molten LiBr can be explained by the very high melting temperature of LiBr (about 550 °C) [34]. Moreover, the low reactivity of LiBr-KBr eutectic salts with carbons (or their initial precursors) was previously used to produce 3D carbon structures from biosourced materials under similar heat treatment conditions to those described herein [88].…”

“…With regard to the chemical reactivity test (shown schematically in Figure 1), the CFs with predefined dimensions were first placed in a nickel crucible (50 mL,VWR), then covered with calculated and fixed weight ratios of LiOH/CF (40:1), LiBr/CF (80:1) or Li 4 (OH) 3 Br/CF (40:1). Separate tests were performed with LiOH and LiBr to observe the effect of the different natures of these inorganic salts [34]. By doing so, a conclusion can be drawn for the final chemical stability of the CFs in molten Li 4 (OH) 3 Br.…”

Preparation and characterization of Mg<SUP>2</SUP><SUP>+</SUP>-ion conducting composite based on poly(vinyl alcohol) with various concentrations of Li<SUB>2</SUB>O

“…These peaks are related to formation of LiOH phase which perturb the bonding scheme of our composite producing ordering phase CH 3 of TEGDME. 10 Figure 4 shows weight loss curves of M 1−x /(Li 2 O) x polymer electrolyte as a function of temperature from room temperature to 400 C. From Figure 4(b), it is seen that the glass transition temperature shift to higher temperature (Table I). This can be attributed to addition of Li 2 O lead to formation of LiOH which make cross linking between polymer chains, as shown in the Figure 1, form small crystalline phases as confirmed by X-ray measurements.…”