Literature Review on the Effects of Heavy Metal Stress and Alleviating Possibilities through Exogenously Applied Agents in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Abstract

Heavy metals (HMs) are among the most important toxic agents since they reach the soil through various routes and accumulate in the food chain. Therefore, HMs induce problems in soil integrity and in plant, animal, and human health. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a significant crop worldwide, utilized in animal production. Furthermore, because of its nitrogen-absorbing ability via symbiotic strains of bacteria, it increases soil productivity. However, there are relatively few studies investigating the effects of HMs and their alleviation possibilities on alfalfa plants. Therefore, the goal of this review is to clarify the current state of research into HM-induced alterations in alfalfa and to determine the extent to which externally applied microorganisms and chemical compounds can mitigate the negative effects. The aim is to indicate areas of development towards further understanding of HM detoxification in alfalfa and to identify future research directions.

Elevated CO2 differentially attenuates beryllium‐induced oxidative stress in oat and alfalfa

“…Oat grains are rich in dietary fibers and high beta‐glucan content, which reduce the cholesterol effects (Gupta et al, 2017). On the other hand, alfalfa has high protein, minerals (e.g., calcium, magnesium, sulfur, potassium, and zinc), vitamins and low cellulose percentage; therefore it plays a vital role in livestock feeding (Jócsák et al, 2022). Understanding the mechanisms and importance of the eCO 2 stress mitigating effect is complicated by differences in species and species‐group responses.…”