Literature Review of Crowd Management: A Hajj Case Study

Fourati, Jihen; Issaoui, Brahim; Zidi, Kamel

doi:10.5220/0006472103460351

Cited by 8 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Hajj consists of complex and intense activities (rituals) in a prescribed sequence (Yamin and Albugami, 2014;Fourati et al, 2017) [4,11]. The planning of pilgrim movements and transport from one site to another during the event is an enormous task (Fourati et al, 2017;Felemban et al, 2020) [11,9]. Strictly marked territorial boundaries of the specific Hajj sites limit the capacities of the sites.…”

Section: A Hajj Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crowd management or systematic planning aimed at optimally managing the movements and assembly of people (Fourati et al, 2017) [11] is an evolving field of interest for specialists in computing, health and police enforcement. Alabdulkarim et al (2016) [18] described crowd management as: "…a practice that is used to control crowd events before, during, and after events, which include dealing with all elements of an event such as people, sites, facilities, data and technology" (p.251).…”

Section: B Crowd Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As indicated, the outcomes range from minor (getting lost), to moderate (injuries, heat exposure) and major (crushing disasters, deaths) ( [4,18,6,10,19,9]. These incidents are attributed to human bottlenecks, heavy crowds, and unsuccessful crowd movement control (Mlybari et al, 2016;Alaska et al, 2016;Fourati et al, 2017;Owaidah et al, 2019) [20,21,11,18]. More details about previous Hajj incidents can be found in Owaidah et al (2019) [19].…”

Section: B Crowd Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lower durations for the activities and better level of service suggest potential reserves of capacity in the system, able to accommodate over 2.6 million pilgrims. 11 Figures 7B to 7D stored on: https://cloudstor.aarnet.edu.au/plus/s/zILokNKKXLn7rh9…”

Section: A Model Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With a crowd of up to three million people comprised of Muslims from all over the world, Hajj is the largest annual MG globally (Tunasar, 2013;Osman and Shaout, 2014;Basalamah, 2016;Khwaja, 2017;Felemban et al, 2020) [5,6,7,8,9]. With an already large and ordinarily increasing numbers of pilgrims each year, Hajj authorities will continue to face bigger challenges, primarily relating to the safety and security of pilgrims (Fourati et al, 2017) [11]. Given the uniqueness of the event, the complexity of the planning associated with Hajj, its impacts (Ahmed and Memish, 2020) [12], and the anticipation that Hajj attendance will increase post-COVID19 pandemic, a rigorous and integrated study of Hajj from a crowd management perspective is timely and essential.…”

Section: Iintroductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling Mass Crowd Using Discrete Event Simulation: A Case Study of Integrated Tawaf and Sayee Rituals During Hajj

et al. 2021

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Hajj is a mass gathering event that takes place annually in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Typically, around three million people participate in the event and perform rituals that involve their movements within strict space and time restrictions. Despite efforts by the Hajj organisers, such massive crowd gathering and movement cause overcrowding related problems at the Hajj sites. Several previous simulation studies on Hajj focused on the rituals individually. Tawaf, followed by Sayee, are two important rituals that are performed by all the pilgrims at the same venue on the same day. These events have a strong potential for crowd buildup and related problems. As opposed the previous works in the literature, in this paper we study these two events jointly, rather than separately. We use ExtendSim, a Discrete Event Simulation tool, to integrate the Tawaf and Sayee rituals into one model. The validated model was applied to a wide range of scenarios where different percentages of pilgrims were allocated to the various Tawaf and Sayee areas. The effect of such allocations on the time to complete Tawaf and Sayee indicate strategies for managing these two key Hajj rituals.

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Section: A Hajj Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Crowd Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Crowd Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Model Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Iintroductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling Mass Crowd Using Discrete Event Simulation: A Case Study of Integrated Tawaf and Sayee Rituals During Hajj

et al. 2021

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Elderly Hajj pilgrims activity recognition based on candidate classification technique

Hashim¹,

Amutha

2022

Concurrency and Computation

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Every year, the rate of elderly people is rising, and monitoring them in mass gatherings like a pilgrimage is a tough task. Millions of Muslims around the world visit Makkah and Madinah for the Hajj pilgrimage. Since 1990, more than 4800 pilgrims have died in the stampede. Aged pilgrims are very much vulnerable to these stampedes. To support them, it is very important to monitor their activities. But only a little is done to monitor the elderly pilgrims. In this article, all the rituals performed in the Hajj pilgrimage have been studied and an activity recognition dataset for elderly pilgrims in line with the rituals of Hajj has been created. A novel classification method called the candidate classification technique (CCT) is proposed to recognize the activities accurately with less response time. Three publicly available activity recognition datasets namely UCI HAR, USC HAD, SKODA, and the proposed elderly hajj pilgrim activity recognition dataset have been used. The accuracy achieved using the proposed classification technique is 98.25%, 96.97%, and 99.29% for the UCI HAR, USC HAD, and SKODA datasets.

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In-Depth Survey to Detect, Monitor and Manage Crowd

et al. 2020

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Crowd management is a flourishing, active research area and must be given attention due to the potential losses, disasters, and accidents that could occur if it were neglected. For the last decade, the crowd management field has witnessed significant advancements; however, more investigative work is still needed. The integration of different crowd detection and monitoring techniques can enhance the control and the performance compared to those of more limited stand-alone techniques. Crowd management encompasses an entire process, from the monitoring stage through the decision support system stage. This sector involves accessing and interpreting information sources, predicting crowd behavior, and deciding on the use of a range of possible interventions based on context. This paper shows a fresh conclusive review of the concept of the crowd, discussing it from several perspectives in light of its defining characteristics, its risks, and tragedies, which may occur due to challenges faced during crowd management, where these conclusions are based on a massive number of scholarly articles that were newly published. Besides, a systematic discussion is shown concerning the steps of managing a crowd, including crowd detection, in which several new methods are reviewed, followed by illustrating both direct and indirect approaches to crowd monitoring and tracking monitoring. The primary purpose of this review is to establish a comprehensive understanding of crowdrelated processes. Moreover, it aims to find research gaps to overcome the limitations of using stand-alone techniques in each process and provide support to other researchers' future work.

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Literature Review of Crowd Management: A Hajj Case Study

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

Modelling Mass Crowd Using Discrete Event Simulation: A Case Study of Integrated Tawaf and Sayee Rituals During Hajj

Modelling Mass Crowd Using Discrete Event Simulation: A Case Study of Integrated Tawaf and Sayee Rituals During Hajj

Elderly Hajj pilgrims activity recognition based on candidate classification technique

In-Depth Survey to Detect, Monitor and Manage Crowd

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