Listening to Hawaiian Spinner Porpoises, Stenella cf. Longirostris, with a Three-Dimensional Hydrophone Array

Watkins, William A.; Schevill, William E.

doi:10.2307/1379001

Cited by 48 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…An established approach is to use multiple hydrophones to measure the range from the source to a calibrated receiver (Watkins & Schevill 1974;Watkins et al 1997;Cato 1998;Mohl et al 2000;Janik 2000). With this technique, source levels can be measured during normal behavior, although it can be difficult to observe the orientation of underwater signalers to measure to control for signal directionality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity in sound pressure levels and estimated active space of resident killer whale vocalizations

2006

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Please use second address for correspondence. pulsed calls and 24 whistles produced by free-ranging resident killer whales by triangulating the angles-of-arrival of sounds on two beamforming arrays towed in series. Levels in the 1-20 kHz band ranged from 131-168 dB re 1μPa @1m, with differences in the means of different sound classes (whistles: 140.2 ± 4.1 dB; variable calls: 146.6 ± 6.6 dB; stereotyped calls: 152.6 ± 5.9 dB), and among stereotyped call types. Repertoire diversity carried through to estimates of active space, with "long-range" stereotyped calls all containing overlapping, independently-modulated high-frequency components (mean estimated active space of 10-16km in sea state zero) and "short-range" sounds (5-9 km) included all stereotyped calls without a high-frequency component, whistles, and variable calls. Short-range sounds are reported to be more common during social and resting behaviors, while long-range stereotyped calls predominate in dispersed travel and foraging behaviors. These results suggest that variability in sound pressure levels may reflect diverse social and ecological functions of the acoustic repertoire of killer whales.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity in sound pressure levels and estimated active space of resident killer whale vocalizations

2006

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“…Watkins and Schevill (1974) used a drifting 3-dimensional array to determine x-y positions of finback whales, right whales, and white-beaked dolphins. Although the technique used passive acoustic localization, this method required the use of intermittent pings to determine hydrophone locations.…”

Section: Thesis Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Relating behavioral context to acoustic parameters of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) vocalizations

Thomas¹

2001

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This thesis presents methods to analyze the function of vocalizations of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. The thesis uses the social interaction as the basic unit of analysis, and maintains a deliberate focus on quantitative and replicable analyses throughout.A method for determining identity of the vocalizing animal in a lagoon was developed. This method combined passive acoustic localization with video sampling to determine which animal vocalized. It fills an urgent need for unbiased identification of vocalizations of undisturbed dolphins where details of social interactions can be followed without affecting the behavior of the subjects. This method was implemented in a captive lagoon with 6 dolphins: two adult females, their two male calves, and a juvenile male and a juvenile female.This thesis also reviews the current state of analysis of the bottlenose dolphin acoustic repertoire, highlighting the need for a detailed, quantitative, and consistent study of the entire vocal repertoire. It does not attempt to do a comprehensive repertoire study, but uses several new quantitative methods to parameterize vocalizations and relate these to behavior from dolphins. Vocalizations within the lagoon tended to occur around the time of onset of behaviors produced by the focal dolphin. A comparison of vocalizations during affiliative and agonistic interactions revealed that the association of group vocalizations with the behavior of a focal animal was related to agonistic but not affiliative interactions.Using the localization/video method, vocalizations in a time window around submissive behaviors were localized and classified as having come from either dolphins engaged in the interaction or dolphins not engaged in the interaction. Vocalizations were emitted by interactants more often than expected, and by non-interactants less often than expected. Use of different vocalization types was found to vary depending on the context of the agonistic interaction. In addition, the sequence of vocalizations with respect to behaviors within the interaction mattered, with more vocalizations occurring after than before submissive behaviors. These results demonstrated that group-based analyses of vocalizations are insufficient and one must use techniques designed to focus on the level of the interaction in order to study communication and social behavior in dolphins.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] When the speed of sound is spatially homogeneous, the difference in arrival time multiplied by the speed gives the difference in distance of the animal from a pair of receivers. The locus of points in space for which this difference is constant is a hyperboloid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probability distributions for locations of calling animals, receivers, sound speeds, winds, and data from travel time differences

Spiesberger

2006

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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A new nonlinear sequential Monte Carlo technique is used to estimate posterior probability distributions for the location of a calling animal, the locations of acoustic receivers, sound speeds, winds, and the differences in sonic travel time between pairs of receivers from measurements of those differences, while adopting realistic prior distributions of the variables. Other algorithms in the literature appear to be too inefficient to yield distributions for this large number of variables (up to 41) without recourse to a linear approximation. The new technique overcomes the computational inefficiency of other algorithms because it does not sequentially propagate the joint probability distribution of the variables between adjacent data. Instead, the lower and upper bounds of the distributions are propagated. The technique is applied to commonly encountered problems that were previously intractable such as estimating how accurately sound speed and poorly known initial locations of receivers can be estimated from the differences in sonic travel time from calling animals, while explicitly modeling distributions of all the variables in the problem. In both cases, the new technique yields one or two orders of magnitude improvements compared with initial uncertainties. A new nonlinear sequential Monte Carlo technique is used to estimate posterior probability distributions for the location of a calling animal, the locations of acoustic receivers, sound speeds, winds, and the differences in sonic travel time between pairs of receivers from measurements of those differences, while adopting realistic prior distributions of the variables. Other algorithms in the literature appear to be too inefficient to yield distributions for this large number of variables ͑up to 41͒ without recourse to a linear approximation. The new technique overcomes the computational inefficiency of other algorithms because it does not sequentially propagate the joint probability distribution of the variables between adjacent data. Instead, the lower and upper bounds of the distributions are propagated. The technique is applied to commonly encountered problems that were previously intractable such as estimating how accurately sound speed and poorly known initial locations of receivers can be estimated from the differences in sonic travel time from calling animals, while explicitly modeling distributions of all the variables in the problem. In both cases, the new technique yields one or two orders of magnitude improvements compared with initial uncertainties. The technique is suitable for accurately estimating receiver locations from animal calls.

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Listening to Hawaiian Spinner Porpoises, Stenella cf. Longirostris, with a Three-Dimensional Hydrophone Array

Cited by 48 publications

References 3 publications

Diversity in sound pressure levels and estimated active space of resident killer whale vocalizations

Diversity in sound pressure levels and estimated active space of resident killer whale vocalizations

Relating behavioral context to acoustic parameters of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) vocalizations

Probability distributions for locations of calling animals, receivers, sound speeds, winds, and data from travel time differences

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