Listening level of music through headphones in train car noise environments

Shimokura, Ryota; Soeta, Yoshiharu

doi:10.1121/1.4740472

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Since the music in their study was presented through loudspeakers, the shield effect of earphones was not examined. Shimokura and Soeta [10] studied the effects of noise level on the level of music listened to through circumaural headphones. Only one listener participated in their study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptibility of environmental sounds by earphone wearers listening to pop and rock music

Hara

Nakano

Sato

et al. 2010

Acoust. Sci. & Tech.

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To examine how the perceptibility of environmental sounds is affected by listening to music through earphones, the hearing thresholds for pure tones presented through a loudspeaker were measured. Under the condition that the listener wore canalphones, thresholds were considerably higher than those under the condition that the listener's ears were open. When pseudo-music signals were presented through the canalphones at the A-weighted sound pressure level of 70 dB, the hearing threshold at 2 kHz was almost 70 dB higher than the absolute threshold. How environmental noise affects the listener's comfortable level of music played on portable audio devices was also examined. The mean comfortable listening levels (A-weighted) under a quiet condition were between 65 dB and 69 dB and those under a noisy condition ranged between 73 dB and 76 dB. It was indicated that when listening to music through canalphones at a comfortable level on a busy street, many environmental sounds would be inaudible.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptibility of environmental sounds by earphone wearers listening to pop and rock music

Hara

Nakano

Sato

et al. 2010

Acoust. Sci. & Tech.

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“…The optimal range of an acoustic factor is affected by the type of music [38,39,51] and the characteristics of the music source [53,54]. Sound field characteristics in the car cabin can affect which music is suited to the car cabin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Exploratory Analysis of Sound Field Characteristics using the Impulse Response in a Car Cabin

Soeta

Sakamoto

2018

Environments

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Sound environments in cars are becoming quieter and receiving attention because of the prevalence of low-noise engines such as hybrid and electric engines and the manifestation of automated driving. Although the car cabin has potential as a listening space, its acoustic quality has not been examined in detail. The present study investigated sound field characteristics in the car cabin using acoustic parameters obtained by impulse response analysis. In particular, effects of the passenger position, open windows and the use of an air conditioner on acoustic parameters were investigated. The passenger position affected the sound strength at low frequencies. Rear seats, except for the rear central seat, had lower interaural correlation than the front seats, suggesting that rear seats have more diffused sound fields. The opening of windows and use of air conditioners attenuated the ratio of early-and late-arriving energy at high frequencies, suggesting a loss of clarity for music.

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“…Multiple studies have reported the sampling of sound levels from personal and portable devices such as headphones, “Walkmen,” and MP3 players and found that a modest proportion are exposing their users to sound levels that are potentially injurious (Bradley, Fortnum, & Coles, 1987; Kuras & Findlay, 1974; Shimokura & Soeta, 2012; Twardella et al., 2016; West & Evans, 1990; Williams, 2005). Of increasing concern is the accessibility of these high-sound-level capable devices, especially to a younger audience (ITU, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumer-Grade Headphones for Children: Limited Effectiveness of “Level Limiters” When Used With Portable or Home Media Players

Stone

Harrison²,

Wilbraham

et al. 2019

Trends in Hearing

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Consumer-grade headphones for children are frequently packaged or marketed with labels claiming incorporation of an output-level-limiting function. Six pairs of headphones, sold separately from devices with audio interfaces, were selected either from online recommendations or from “best rated” with a large online retailer, the opinions being expressed in 2018 to early 2019. The acoustic outputs in response to an internationally standardized test signal were measured through the ears of a head-and-torso simulator and referenced to equivalent A-weighted diffuse-field sound pressure levels. The headphones were tested with a variety of music capable sources found in a domestic environment, such as a mobile phone, tablets, laptop computer, and a home “hi-fi” CD player. To maintain likely homogeneity of the audio interface, the computer-based platforms were manufactured by either Apple™ or certified Android devices. One of the two Bluetooth-linked headphones exhibited level limiting with low distortion (i.e., a compression ratio well in excess of unity). None of the devices wired directly to an audio output performed distortionless level limiting: “limiting” was implemented by a reduction of sensitivity or mechanical limitations, so could be called “soft limiting.” When driven by a laptop or CD player, some were still capable of producing output levels well in excess of “safe-listening” levels of 85 dB(A). Packaging labels were frequently ambiguous and imprecise.

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Listening level of music through headphones in train car noise environments

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Perceptibility of environmental sounds by earphone wearers listening to pop and rock music

Perceptibility of environmental sounds by earphone wearers listening to pop and rock music

An Exploratory Analysis of Sound Field Characteristics using the Impulse Response in a Car Cabin

Consumer-Grade Headphones for Children: Limited Effectiveness of “Level Limiters” When Used With Portable or Home Media Players

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