“…3D printing (also known as additive manufacturing) is a concurrent design and fabrication technique that combines materials, structures, and functions. 1,2 Due to its benefits of high accuracy, high efficiency, structural complexity and functional diversity, it has been successfully applied in industrial, 3,4 medical, 5,6 aviation, 7 and educational domains 8,9 in recent years. Hydrogel is a three-dimensional (3D) network structure formed by cross-linking of hydrophilic polymer chains embedded into a water-rich environment with extensively adjustable physical and chemical properties, responding to the growing demand for radiation-curable waterborne products.…”