“…where {r i , i = 1, 2, • • • , nK} are the return series of all the intervals in recent K days. Here, we choose K = 5 as in Wan et al (2017). In addition, the weighted standard deviation (WSD) estimator f W SD t,i of f t,i , suggested by Boudt et al (2011), is included as a periodic component to account for the intraweek periodicity in high-frequency returns.…”