Liquid Smoke Treatment for Natural Fibers: The Effect on Tensile Properties, Surface Morphology, Crystalline Properties, and Functional Groups of Banana Stem Fibers

Abstract

This study aims to determine the effect of the treatment of banana stem fibers (BSF) with grade three liquid smoke on changes in the micromechanical properties of the BSF, single fiber tensile strength, morphology, crystal properties, and functional groups. This study used four variations of the specimen model, namely, fiber without treatment and immersion in liquid smoke for 1, 2, and 3 h. BSF with treatment was dried in an oven at 40 °C for 30 min. Several tests were carried out, including the tensile test for single fiber capacity of 50N standard ASTM 3379-02, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) observation. The results showed that the highest increase in fiber strength occurred in P2J, which was 43.78%, with crystal intensity of 34.97%, compared to TP fiber. Treatment of fiber with liquid smoke can form a strong C-C elemental bond caused by the H2O degradation process in BSF so that the carbon atom (C) becomes solid; under conditions of excessive H2O degradation, the fiber strength will become brittle, however, liquid smoke can increase the fiber tensile strength. The morphology of the fiber changed where the untreated fiber was covered in lignin, while the treated fiber had a rectangular pattern of elongated lines, was porous, and the lignin was eroded. The fiber crystallization index increased due to changes in fiber structure, where the highest peak of TP BSF occurred at point two, while the highest peaks in BSF P1J, P2J, and P3J occurred respectively at points two and three. These results prove that the innovation of BSF treatment with liquid smoke can change the morphology, crystalline, and functional aspects of BSF, so that it becomes the choice of composite reinforcement material in the future, an option that is lightweight and environmentally friendly.

Evaluation of mechanical and morphological properties composite of Agel Leaf Fiber (ALF)-epoxy modified with carbon powder

“…CAP adheres to the fiber surface and fills the voids between the fiber and the matrix. It becomes trapped upon drying, resulting in an interlocking mechanism [11]. The strength of this interface bond contributes to the higher longitudinal tensile strength of the composite [24].…”

“…With technological advancements, composite materials have gained recognition for their various advantages, including lightweight, high strength, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness [10,11]. The use of composite, initially dominated by synthetic materials such as fiberglass, has shifted towards natural fiber composite (NFC) [12].…”