Liquid phase oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde by air

Borgaonkar, Hemant V.; Raverkar, Sanjay R.; Chandalia, Sampatraj B.

doi:10.1021/i300015a026

Cited by 58 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…The physical properties of the liquids, listed in Tables 4 and 5, were calculated using equations for pure components and mixing rules from Reid et al (1987). It is also important to mention that the selection of the compositions of the organic mixtures used was based upon typical industrial yields obtained during the continuous liquid-phase toluene oxidation process (Borgaonkar et al, 1984;Rozie et al, 1995;Satrio and Doraiswamy, 2001;Kantam et al, 2002).…”

Section: Gas-liquid Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer Parameters in Agitated Reactors Part I: Critical Mixing Speed, Induced Gas Flow Rate, and Wavy Surface in SARs and GIRs

Lemoine¹,

Fillion²,

Morsi³

2004

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering

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The critical mixing speed for gas entrainment (NCRE), for gas induction (NCRI), induced gas flow rate (QGI) as well as the wavy gas-liquid interfacial area (aWave) of N2 and air were measured in pure toluene and three mixtures of organic liquids (toluene-benzoic acid-benzaldehyde mixtures) under wide ranges of temperatures, T (300-453K), pressures, P (1-15 bar), mixing speeds, N (13.3-23.3Hz) and liquid heights, H (0.171-0.268m) using a 4-liter, see-through agitated autoclave operating as a surface-aeration reactor (SAR) and gas-inducing reactor (GIR).NCRE and NCRI as well as aWave were estimated by analyzing the videos taken with an on-line high-speed Phantom camera through the reactor's Jerguson windows. In the GIR, QGI was determined using a highly sensitive Coriolis mass flow meter. The Central Composite Statistical Design and analysis technique was used to study the effect of operating conditions on these hydrodynamic parameters.NCRE and NCRI appeared to increase with liquid height and decrease with temperature, whereas, the pressure and gas nature did not significantly affect both parameters. The liquid physicochemical properties were found to strongly affect NCRE and NCRI, and QGI. Increasing mixing speed or decreasing liquid height increased QGI. Increasing temperature or decreasing liquid viscosity initially increased and then decreased QGI. Increasing pressure or gas density on the other hand decreased QGI. Increasing mixing speed and temperature or decreasing liquid height significantly enhanced aWave, as compared to the flat liquid surface. At high pressures, however, lower values of aWave were obtained. Empirical and statistical correlations were also developed to accurately predict NCRE, NCRI, Brought to you by | University of North Dakota Authenticated Download Date | 5/29/15 6:27 AM QGI and aWave.

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Section: Gas-liquid Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer Parameters in Agitated Reactors Part I: Critical Mixing Speed, Induced Gas Flow Rate, and Wavy Surface in SARs and GIRs

Lemoine¹,

Fillion²,

Morsi³

2004

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering

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“…[4] Additionally,insome cases the conversion has to be suppressed (< 15 %) to avoid poor selectivity owing to overoxidation products like CO and CO 2 . [5] Photocatalytic organic synthesis is apromising and green approach that is performed under mild conditions with solar energy as driving force. [6] To date,s everal photocatalytic systems have been reported for aromatic oxidations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Supported Bismuth Halide Perovskite Photocatalyst for Selective Aliphatic and Aromatic C–H Bond Activation

et al. 2020

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Direct selective oxidation of hydrocarbons to oxygenates by O2 is challenging. Catalysts are limited by the low activity and narrow application scope, and the main focus is on active C−H bonds at benzylic positions. In this work, stable, lead‐free, Cs3Bi2Br9 halide perovskites are integrated within the pore channels of mesoporous SBA‐15 silica and demonstrate their photocatalytic potentials for C−H bond activation. The composite photocatalysts can effectively oxidize hydrocarbons (C5 to C16 including aromatic and aliphatic alkanes) with a conversion rate up to 32900 μmol gcat−1 h−1 and excellent selectivity (>99 %) towards aldehydes and ketones under visible‐light irradiation. Isotopic labeling, in situ spectroscopic studies, and DFT calculations reveal that well‐dispersed small perovskite nanoparticles (2–5 nm) possess enhanced electron–hole separation and a close contact with hydrocarbons that facilitates C(sp3)−H bond activation by photoinduced charges.

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“…Since the development of the process (Keading et al, 1965) a large number of studies on the chemistry of toluene oxidation and related hydrocarbons have been published. Most of the earlier publications have in common that the main focus is on the kinetics and that other process items are not considered (Borgaonkar et al, 1984;Lozar et al, 2001;Mulkay and Rouchaud, 1967;Quiroga et al, 1980;Scott and Chester, 1972). This approach is not sufficient when considering scale-up and modelling of the plant reactors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling Toluene Oxidation: Incorporation of Mass Transfer Phenomena

Hoorn

Soolingen

Versteeg³

2005

Chemical Engineering Research and Design

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T he kinetics of the oxidation of toluene have been studied in close interaction with the gas -liquid mass transfer occurring in the reactor. Kinetic parameters for a simple model have been estimated on basis of experimental observations performed under industrial conditions. The conclusions for the mass transfer and reaction regime on basis of experimental observations and model calculations are in good agreement: toluene oxidation under industrial conditions can be characterized as a slow reaction with respect to mass transfer.

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Liquid phase oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde by air

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer Parameters in Agitated Reactors Part I: Critical Mixing Speed, Induced Gas Flow Rate, and Wavy Surface in SARs and GIRs

Hydrodynamic and Mass Transfer Parameters in Agitated Reactors Part I: Critical Mixing Speed, Induced Gas Flow Rate, and Wavy Surface in SARs and GIRs

A Supported Bismuth Halide Perovskite Photocatalyst for Selective Aliphatic and Aromatic C–H Bond Activation

Modelling Toluene Oxidation: Incorporation of Mass Transfer Phenomena

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