“…The fitting of a P 2p peak was conducted with two doublets, 2p 1/2 and 2p 3/2 components of the energy splitting of 0.88 eV, and intensity ratio of 0.5. The first doublet of 131.1 eV is attributed to the metal bonded to phosphonate oxygen (P-O-M) [36], and the second, at 133.7 eV, is attributed to the O=P-OH group bonded to the metal surface [36,37]. The O 1s emission peaks were deconvoluted using four Voight curves with BEs of 530.9 eV, 531.8 eV, 532.9 eV, and 533.9 eV, which can be attributed to the oxide ions (O 2− ), mainly MgO [34,38,39], phosphonate oxygen bonded to the metal (P-O-M) [30,[37][38][39][40][41], P-OH group [38][39][40]42], and P=O group [39,40].…”