Liquid-phase catalytic oxidation of p-xylene

Raghavendrachar, P.; Ramachandran, S.

doi:10.1021/ie00002a001

Cited by 140 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…A catalyst mixture of cobalt and manganese acetates is employed and hydrobromic acid or sodium bromide acts as the catalyst promoter reducing the induction period [14,36]. Aqueous acetic acid is used as the reaction medium.…”

Section: Px Oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3.3 and 3.4. Figure 3.3: Schematic of oxidation reactor at typical MC process conditions [13,14,20] For this analysis, the exothermic heat effects from the intermediate oxidation products…”

Section: Rationale For Choosing Spray Reactor As An Alternative To a mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vapor phase compositions in the reactor at various T and fixed reactor P are also estimated using the HYSYS ® database. reported for industrial reactors [13,14]. The evaporative cooling effect accounts for 65% of the total heat removed.…”

Section: Rationale For Choosing Spray Reactor As An Alternative To a mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A spray reactor concept for catalytic oxidation of p-xylene to produce high-purity terephthalic acid

Niu

Zuo

et al. 2013

Chemical Engineering Science

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Section: Px Oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3.3 and 3.4. Figure 3.3: Schematic of oxidation reactor at typical MC process conditions [13,14,20] For this analysis, the exothermic heat effects from the intermediate oxidation products…”

Section: Rationale For Choosing Spray Reactor As An Alternative To a mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A spray reactor concept for catalytic oxidation of p-xylene to produce high-purity terephthalic acid

Niu

Zuo

et al. 2013

Chemical Engineering Science

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“…7-10 (1) The use of CO 2 in a mixed solvent increases both the O 2 solubility and the mass transport of the reactants in the liquid phase, the former because of the significant solubility of O 2 in liquid CO 2 and the latter because of improved diffusivities in CO 2 media.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, the burn rate is 0.14 for N 2 and 0.11 for CO 2 when O 2 pressure is 45 bar, and 0.095 for N 2 and 0.075 for CO 2 when O 2 pressure is 12 bar. In both cases, the burning is reduced by ca.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Liquid phase oxidation of p-xylene to terephthalic acid at medium-high temperatures: multiple benefits of CO2-expanded liquids

et al. 2010

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The Co/Mn/Br catalyzed oxidation of p-xylene to terephthalic acid (TPA) is demonstrated in CO 2 -expanded solvents at temperatures lower than those of the traditional Mid-Century (MC) process. As compared with the traditional air (N 2 /O 2 ) oxidation system, the reaction with CO 2 /O 2 mixture at 160• C and using an additional inert gas (N 2 or CO 2 ) pressure of 100 bar increases both the yield of TPA and the purity of solid TPA via a more efficient conversion of the intermediates, 4-carboxybenzaldehyde and p-toluic acid. At the same time, the amount of yellow colored by-products in the solid TPA product is also lessened, as determined by spectroscopic analysis. Equally important, the decomposition or burning of the solvent, acetic acid, monitored in terms of the yield of the gaseous products, CO and CO 2 , is reduced by ca. 20% based on labeled CO 2 experiments. These findings broaden the versatility of this new class of reaction media in homogeneous catalytic oxidations by maximizing the utilization of feedstock carbon for desired products while simultaneously reducing carbon emissions.

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Hydrocarbon Oxidation

Hobbs¹

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Hydrocarbon oxidation has long been a significant source of organic chemicals. Both vapor‐ and liquid‐phase reactions are of interest; they are believed to involve free‐radical chain mechanisms. Modern understanding of these reactions has developed over the last half of the twentieth century. Although sharp disputes are frequent, significant agreement on underlying principles is apparent. Vapor‐phase oxidations can be conveniently divided into low, middle, and high temperature ranges. Fundamental changes in mechanisms occur over these regions. The direct oxidation of methane to methanol, formaldehyde, and/or C 2 products has received intense study, but no viable processes have yet been developed. Most other studies in this area are directed toward fuel utilization and pollution abatement. Liquid‐phase oxidations of aliphatics have declined in importance as sources of bulk chemicals. However, the oxidation of butane to acetic acid, and of isobutane to t ‐butylhydroperoxide (to produce propylene oxide), and of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cycohexanone (to produce adipic acid and nylon), remain important industrial processes. Oxidations of alkylaromatics continue to be important industrially. The oxidation of p ‐xylene to terephthalic acid and cumene to phenol are dominant routes to these products. The potential for producing fine chemicals by such oxidations is developing rapidly.

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Liquid-phase catalytic oxidation of p-xylene

Abstract: This paper reviews the technological aspects of p-xylene oxidation to terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate highlighting the industrial processes, reaction mechanism, and kinetics. Sixty-nine references are cited.

Cited by 140 publications

References 21 publications

A spray reactor concept for catalytic oxidation of p-xylene to produce high-purity terephthalic acid

A spray reactor concept for catalytic oxidation of p-xylene to produce high-purity terephthalic acid

Liquid phase oxidation of p-xylene to terephthalic acid at medium-high temperatures: multiple benefits of CO2-expanded liquids

Hydrocarbon Oxidation

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