Liquid metal embrittlement: A state-of-the-art appraisal

Joseph, B.; Picat, M.; Barbier, F.

doi:10.1051/epjap:1999108

Cited by 174 publications

(130 citation statements)

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“…Although there are some common features of LME systems, several kinds of fracture characteristics have been observed in LME depending on the solidliquid metal couple. 1) Among those, the penetration of nanometer-thick liquid metal films along the grain boundary has been identified as one of the key mechanisms for embrittlement in many classical LME systems (e.g., AlGa, CuBi and NiBi). The AlGa couple is probably the most widely studied among the systems known for the formation of penetrating intergranular films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ga Penetration along Al Grain Boundaries under a Constant Strain Rate Condition

Yun

Nam

2014

Mater. Trans.

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While diverse fracture characteristics have been observed in liquid metal embrittlement (LME) depending on the solidliquid metal pairs, the penetration of nanometer-thick liquid metal films along the grain boundary has been identified as one of the key mechanisms for embrittlement in many classical LME systems, such as AlGa, CuBi and NiBi. For example, liquid Ga quickly penetrates deep into grain boundaries in Al, leading to intergranular fracture under very small stresses. We report on a series of molecular dynamics simulations of liquid Ga in contact with an Al bicrystal under a constant strain rate. We identify the grain boundary dislocations that are nucleated at the grain boundary groove tip and climb down along the grain boundary during Ga penetration and characterize their atomic structures based on topological method.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ga Penetration along Al Grain Boundaries under a Constant Strain Rate Condition

Yun

Nam

2014

Mater. Trans.

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“…Although liquid metal embrittlement (LME) has been observed a long time ago, the mechanism is not yet fully understood due to the complexity of the phenomenon. Despite the fact that many interpretations of LME have been formulated [5][6][7][8][9][10], the prediction of its occurrence remains problematic. Moreover the concept of specificity of the solid metal-liquid metal couple has been questioned by several authors [5,12,13] and various parameters such as metallurgical state, surface state, composition, solubility, temperature, strain rate, stress concentrators, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover the concept of specificity of the solid metal-liquid metal couple has been questioned by several authors [5,12,13] and various parameters such as metallurgical state, surface state, composition, solubility, temperature, strain rate, stress concentrators, etc. are known to influence the risk of LME [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid metal embrittlement susceptibility of ferritic–martensitic steel in liquid lead alloys

Bosch¹,

Bosch²,

Sapundjiev³

et al. 2008

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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The susceptibility of the ferritic-martensitic steels T91 and EUROFER97 to liquid metal embrittlement (LME) in lead alloys has been examined under various conditions. T91, which is currently the most promising candidate material for the high temperature components of the future accelerator driven system (ADS) was tested in liquid lead bismuth eutectic (LBE), whereas the reduced activation steel, EUROFER97 which is under consideration to be the structural steel for fusion reactors was tested in liquid lead lithium eutectic. These steels, similar in microstructure and mechanical properties in the unirradiated condition were tested for their susceptibility to LME as function of temperature (150-450°C) and strain rate (1 Â 10 À3 -1 Â 10 À6 s À1 ). Also, the influence of pre-exposure and surface stress concentrators was evaluated for both steels in, respectively, liquid PbBi and PbLi environment. To assess the LME effect, results of the tests in liquid metal environment are compared with tests in air or inert gas environment. Although both unirradiated and irradiated smooth ferritic-martensitic steels do not show any or little deterioration of mechanical properties in liquid lead alloy environment compared to their mechanical properties in gas as function of temperature and strain rate, pre-exposure or the presence of surface stress concentrators does lead to a significant decrease in total elongation for certain test conditions depending on the type of liquid metal environment. The results are discussed in terms of wetting enhanced by liquid metal corrosion or crack initiation processes.

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“…The phenomenon depends on many parameters (intensive and extensive) like metallurgical state, surface state, composition, solubility, temperature, strain rate, stress, etc. [4][5][6]. Temperature and strain rate are of extreme importance and will directly affect the severity of embrittlement of a given liquid metal/solid metal couple.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical properties of T91 material tested in liquid lead bismuth eutectic

Bosch

Sapundjiev

Almazouzi

2006

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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The effects of temperature and strain rate on the susceptibility of one of the most promising candidate materials for cladding and high temperature components for ADS, Ferritic/Martensitic steel (T91), to liquid metal embrittlement have been investigated in the temperature interval 150-450°C, at strain rates between 1 · 10 À3 s À1 and 1 · 10 À6 s À1 . The effect of the liquid lead bismuth eutectic has been evaluated by comparison between tests in the liquid metal and in Ar with 5% H 2 . Although the untreated T91 material did not undergo liquid metal embrittlement and there was no apparent change in trends of the tensile properties as function of temperature or strain rate due to the liquid metal, the pre-exposed T91, which was exposed to oxygen poor LBE at 450°C for 4000 h and tested at 450°C did show a decrease in total elongation. The total elongation of the untreated T91 specimens in liquid lead bismuth and in H 2 /Ar-gas mixture followed the same dependence on the temperature up to 245°C. At temperatures above 375°C no results are available from testing in controlled gas environment however reference data measured on the same batch of steel in air are used for comparison. Varying the strain rate did not cause any deterioration in the tensile properties of the material in liquid metal compared to those in gas atmosphere. The results are discussed in terms of self-healing mechanism and crack initiation processes.

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Liquid metal embrittlement: A state-of-the-art appraisal

Cited by 174 publications

References 1 publication

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ga Penetration along Al Grain Boundaries under a Constant Strain Rate Condition

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ga Penetration along Al Grain Boundaries under a Constant Strain Rate Condition

Liquid metal embrittlement susceptibility of ferritic–martensitic steel in liquid lead alloys

Effects of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical properties of T91 material tested in liquid lead bismuth eutectic

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