“…In the current design of LIBs and SIBs, several challenges, including environmental concerns, cost limitations, and safety issues, hinder further advancement. 30,31 Conversely, aqueous electrochemical systems utilizing multivalent charge carriers such as Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Al 3+ emerge as promising candidates for the next generation of batteries, combining extreme safety with environmental friendliness. Among these, rechargeable Zn-based batteries (RZBs) have garnered attention due to their abundant Zn reserves, high theoretical capacity (820 mA h g −1 ), low electrochemical potential (−0.763 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode), intrinsic safety, balanced kinetics, and good reversibility in aqueous solutions.…”