Liquid–liquid equilibria of aqueous two-phase systems containing polyethylene glycol and sodium dihydrogen phosphate or disodium hydrogen phosphate

Partitioning behavior of amino acids in aqueous two-phase systems containing polyethylene glycol and phosphate buffer

“…The concentrations of phosphates in both phases were determined by a titration method. The concentrations of PEG in both phases were calculated from the refractive indexes considering the effect of the concentration of salts [23]. The relation between the refractive index, n, and the mass fractions of salt, w s , and PEG, w p can be expressed as follows…”

Aqueous two-phase systems of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and potassium citrate at different temperatures—Experimental results and modeling of liquid–liquid equilibrium data

“…Osmotic virial expansions, derived from knowledge of the osmotic pressure of a solvent in the solution, have been used in various versions and achieved some success in describing the phase behavior of polymer-salt aqueous two-phase systems [14][15][16][17]. Among the most familiar lattice models that have been extended to represent phase diagrams of polymer-salt aqueous two-phase systems are the UNIQUAC model [18,6], the UNIFAC model [19] and the NRTL model [9,20].…”

Non-ideal Solution Thermodynamics of Cytoplasm

“…The osmotic virial equation has been shown by many researchers over decades to apply to a vast number of types of solutes in aqueous systems, including sugars, electrolytes, cryoprotectants, macromolecules, proteins, alcohols, and starches. 3,24,26,27,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] Osmolality describes the concentration dependence of the chemical potential of water in a solution and is the solution thermodynamics quantity that appears directly in equations describing freezing point depression of a solution (see Eq. 12) or the driving force for passive osmotic transport.…”