Liquid–Liquid Criticality in TIP4P/2005 and Three-State Models of Water

Abstract

Molecular dynamics simulations leading to the isothermal compressibility, the isobaric thermal expansivity, and the isobaric heat capacity of TIP4P/2005 water are found to be consistent with the coordinates of its second, liquid–liquid critical point reported recently by Debenedetti et al. [Science2020369289292]. In accord with the theory of critical phenomena, we encounter that the rise in the magnitude of these response functions as temperature is lowered is especially marked along the critical isochore. Furthermore, response-function ratios provide a test for thermodynamic consistency at the critical point and manifest nonuniversal features sharply distinguishing liquid–liquid from standard gas–liquid criticality. The whole pattern of behavior revealed by simulations is qualitatively the same as the one of a three-state Ising model of water exhibiting a low-temperature liquid–liquid critical point. Exact solutions for the two-state components of such a three-state model are also provided.

Ising Paradigm in Isobaric Ensembles

“… Response-function ratios (two upper curves, orange) and (two lower curves, blue) as a function of temperature T on approaching the liquid–liquid critical temperature (circles, black) from the one-phase region along the critical isochore (solid) and critical isobar (dashed) [ 51 ]. Results are in ( a ) TIP4P/2005 water (points are simulation data).…”