Liquid Helium

The internal energy and thermodynamic behaviour of a boson gas below the Bose–Einstein temperature

“…The van der Waals' force is not expected to have a large temperature dependence, so the extra term will be small. Neglecting this term to first approximation, the theory predicts that the density maximum in liquid 4 He should occur at a temperature ≈ 1.88 K, which is in very good agreement with the measured value of 2.18 K [5]. The difference between the two may be attributed to the action of the van der Waals' force.…”

Transition to ballistic regime for heat transport in helium II

“…1. Landau regime: When the phonon mfp is short as compared with the radius of the pipe, and the heat-flux value is low enough, there is viscous laminar flow of the normal component of helium (carrying the heat flow) which is described by the following expression [21,22,27,28]:…”

A Ginzburg–Landau model for the phase transition in Helium II

“…In the last part of the paper we study the connection between this model and the turbulence, so that, as observed by Mendelsshon [18] "It is now clear that the dependence of the heat conduction on the heat current originally observed in Cambridge in 1937 . .…”

“…The behavior of superfluids is very different from the phenomenology of a perfect fluid, as well as superconductivity [11] is a phenomenon very different from perfect conductivity (see Bardeen [2], Chandrasekhar [3], Landau [12,13], London [16], Mendelsshon [18], Fabrizio et al [7], Tinkham [22]). Meanwhile, there is an evident similarity between the behavior of superfluids and superconductors.…”