“…Incubation of acidic collagen solution in ammonia vapors induces a raise in pH without diluting the sample. The formation of collagen materials with a liquid crystalline order is not discussed in detail in this article, but they deserve special attention because they mimic collagen connective tissue organisations [ [80] , [81] , [82] , [83] ].…”
Section: Formation Of Native Collagen Fibrils
In Vitro
...mentioning
“…Incubation of acidic collagen solution in ammonia vapors induces a raise in pH without diluting the sample. The formation of collagen materials with a liquid crystalline order is not discussed in detail in this article, but they deserve special attention because they mimic collagen connective tissue organisations [ [80] , [81] , [82] , [83] ].…”
Section: Formation Of Native Collagen Fibrils
In Vitro
...mentioning
“…When the cells were seeded in a 3D hydrogel composed of the aligned nanofibrils, enhanced cellular outgrowth was induced via augmented expression of integrin α1, which resulted in arteriogenesis and blood perfusion recovery in the mouse ischemia model. In another study, hydrogel films made of concentrated collagen type I showed regular local alignments, which resulted in directed and oriented growth of human mesenchymal stem cells and their osteogenic differentiation [ 105 ]. Additionally, biomineralization-mimicking hybrid materials, using chitin nanowhisker gel matrices in a nematic phase as templates for CaCO 3 crystallization, have been reported [ 106 ].…”
Hierarchical orders are found throughout all levels of biosystems, from simple biopolymers, subcellular organelles, single cells, and macroscopic tissues to bulky organs. Especially, biological tissues and cells have long been known to exhibit liquid crystal (LC) orders or their structural analogues. Inspired by those native architectures, there has recently been increased interest in research for engineering nanobiomaterials by incorporating LC templates and scaffolds. In this review, we introduce and correlate diverse LC nanoarchitectures with their biological functionalities, in the context of tissue engineering applications. In particular, the tissuemimicking LC materials with different LC phases and the regenerative potential of hard and soft tissues are summarized. In addition, the multifaceted aspects of LC architectures for developing tissue-engineered products are envisaged. Lastly, a perspective on the opportunities and challenges for applying LC nanoarchitectures in tissue engineering fields is discussed.
205
“…Studies have shown that natural bone collagen exhibits a cholesteric lyotropic LC phase and an anisotropic surface, which can affect the contact guidance of cells, regulate the deposition of inorganic mineral salts, promote mineralization, and further promote bone tissue repair . Inspired by the LC properties of natural bone collagen, a collagen membrane with LC properties was prepared in vitro by neutralizing and fixing a highly concentrated acidic collagen solution with ammonia vapor; , however, its application is limited by poor mechanical strength and the tedious extraction process of raw materials.…”
The liquid crystal properties and
viscoelasticity of the natural
bone extracellular matrix (ECM) play a decisive role in guiding cell
behavior, conducting cell signals, and regulating mineralization.
Here, we develop a facile approach for preparing a novel polysaccharide
hydrogel with liquid crystal properties and viscoelasticity similar
to those of natural bone ECM. First, a series of chitin whisker/chitosan
(CHW/CS) hydrogels were prepared by chemical cross-linking with genipin,
in which CHW can self-assemble to form cholesteric liquid crystals
under ultrasonic treatment and CS chains can enter into the gaps between
the helical layers of the CHW cholesteric liquid crystal phase to
endow morphological stability and good mechanical properties. Subsequently,
the obtained chemically cross-linked liquid crystal hydrogels were
immersed into the desired concentration of the NaCl solution to form
physical cross-linking. Due to the Hofmeister effect, the as-prepared
dual-cross-linked liquid crystal hydrogels showed an enhanced modulus,
viscoelasticity similar to that of natural ECM with relatively fast
stress relaxation behavior, and fold surface morphology. Compared
to both CHW/CS hydrogels without liquid crystal properties and CHW/CS
liquid crystal hydrogels without further physical cross-linking, the
dual-cross-linked CHW/CS liquid crystal hydrogels are more favorable
for the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of
bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. This approach could inspire the
design of hydrogels mimicking the liquid crystal properties and viscoelasticity
of natural bone ECM for bone repair.
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