2010
DOI: 10.1039/b921576j
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Liquid crystal models of biological materials and processes

Abstract: This paper presents an overview of liquid crystal (LC) models of phase diagrams, phase transitions, self-assembly, interfaces, defects, and rheology and their integrated applications to biological mesophase materials and processes. Biological liquid crystals, classified into analogues (helicoidal plywoods), biopolymer solutions (in vitro DNA, polypeptides, collagen solutions) and in vivo LCs (membranes, silk, DNA), are discussed in terms of molecular characteristics and the symmetry of the thermodynamic phases… Show more

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Cited by 203 publications
(345 citation statements)
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References 168 publications
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“…which coincides with E H , and gives 4k c = (K 1 + 8K 24 ),k c = −2K 24 ; the surface gradient is given by the tangential projection of the total gradient: ∇ s (·) ≡ I s · ∇(·), I s = I − kk, since thin layers and membranes behave like LCs, membranes should also exhibit flexoelectricity or couplings between polarization and bending [1][2][3][4]7,11,[17][18][19]. Figure 2 shows a schematic of flexoelectric polarization in rod-like and banana-like molecules and the corresponding membrane flexoelectric polarization; as noted above the physics and modelling are affected by identifying the director field n with the membrane normal k. Using the same approach as above, equation (1.4) gives the membrane polarization P due to membrane bending (∇ s · k): 10) where c f is the membrane flexoelectric coefficient, as indeed found experimentally [4].…”
Section: (B) Materialsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…which coincides with E H , and gives 4k c = (K 1 + 8K 24 ),k c = −2K 24 ; the surface gradient is given by the tangential projection of the total gradient: ∇ s (·) ≡ I s · ∇(·), I s = I − kk, since thin layers and membranes behave like LCs, membranes should also exhibit flexoelectricity or couplings between polarization and bending [1][2][3][4]7,11,[17][18][19]. Figure 2 shows a schematic of flexoelectric polarization in rod-like and banana-like molecules and the corresponding membrane flexoelectric polarization; as noted above the physics and modelling are affected by identifying the director field n with the membrane normal k. Using the same approach as above, equation (1.4) gives the membrane polarization P due to membrane bending (∇ s · k): 10) where c f is the membrane flexoelectric coefficient, as indeed found experimentally [4].…”
Section: (B) Materialsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A distinguishing and novel property of nematics is flexoelectricity [1][2][3][4]11], which describes the coupling between orientational gradients and electric polarization, such that an applied electric field creates orientational distortions and distortions create macroscopic polarization [1][2][3][4]11,[17][18][19]. The polar nature of splay S = n∇ · n and bend B = −n × ∇ × n orientational deformations can polarize the nematic LC medium [11][12][13] (b) Flexoelectricity in biological membranes due to bending curvature described by surface gradients of the unit normal k. The correspondence between nematic flexoelectricity and membrane flexoelectricity is obtained when the director n is identified with the membrane unit normal k (adapted from [11]).…”
Section: (B) Materialsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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