Liquid Crystal Forehead Temperature Strips

Scholefield, J H; Gerber, Michael A.; Dwyer, P.K.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970390012002

Cited by 28 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Previous studies of the accuracy of forehead temperature for fever screening in children employed direct contact methods. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] A study in Taiwan by Liu et al evaluated the clinical usefulness of infrared forehead temperature to screen tympanic fever in an outpatient population with an unspecified age range. 17 The clinical usefulness of infrared forehead temperature in an outdoor setting was low as reflected by the low sensitivity (17.3%) with high specificity (98.2%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Forehead temperature measurement by contact methods, defined as palpation, plastic strip thermometer and temporalartery thermometer, has been widely used to detect fever in children. Some studies have cast doubt on the accuracy of forehead temperature measured by palpation, 2-6 plastic strip thermometer [7][8][9] and temporal-artery thermometer 3,10 for detecting fever in children. However, other studies concluded that contact methods of taking forehead temperature were able to detect fever in children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-contact infrared thermometry temperature measurement for screening fever in children

Chan

Lee³

et al. 2005

Annals of Tropical Paediatrics

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-contact infrared thermometry temperature measurement for screening fever in children

Chan

Lee³

et al. 2005

Annals of Tropical Paediatrics

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“…Some thermometers display the actual temperature, but others contain an offset, and therefore, display the estimated core temperature. Sensitivity for detecting fever was close to 90% in some studies (13,14), but it was as low as 28% (using a different brand of thermometer) in others (15), with rectal temperatures being the reference standard. Ambient temperature can affect measurements.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

Body temperature measurement in paediatrics: Which gadget should we believe?

Robinson

2004

Paediatrics &Amp; Child Health

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Many decisions regarding the investigation and treatment of paediatric patients are determined by body temperature. In the 21st century, we still struggle to find a quick and convenient method that parents and health care workers can use to measure body temperature accurately.The goal of measuring body temperature is to approximate the core temperature, which is the temperature of the blood that bathes the temperature-regulating centre in the hypothalamus. However, there is a gradient between every body site where temperature can be measured and the hypothalamus. Contrary to popular dogma, this gradient is not constant (ie, rectal temperature is not reliably 1°C higher than axillary temperature). Therefore, it is difficult to choose a body site to use as the reference standard for comparing readings obtained by different instruments or at different sites.The following sites have been used in studies of body temperature measurement in children:• Pulmonary artery (PA): This site is vascular, and it is anatomically relatively close to the hypothalamus. In adults, PA readings are only 0.18°C lower than readings from blood returning from the brain in the high internal jugular vein (1). PA catheters are usually only placed in children during cardiac surgery, but this remains the best site to use as the reference standard for core temperature in studies comparing measurements taken from other body sites and with different instruments.• Distal esophagus: This site is easily accessible in sedated patients, and readings in paediatric patients are closer to PA readings than are rectal, axillary, bladder or tympanic readings (2). Therefore, this site is a good choice for temperature measurement in sedated patients or for use as a reference standard when PA readings are not practical.• Rectal: Although used as the reference standard in many previous studies, the rectum is a long distance from the hypothalamus. Decreased splanchnic flow can result in falsely low readings and rectal temperature is slow to respond to changes in core temperature, especially if stool is present in the lower rectum (2,3). There is often reluctance on the part of parents and older children to measure rectal temperature, and nosocomial infections have been attributed to the use of rectal thermometers in hospital (4). There are rare case reports of rectal perforation caused by rectal thermometers in neonates and the safety of doing rectal temperatures in neutropenic patients has not been established.• Bladder: Urinary catheters with thermistors are available, but the results of studies are disparate as to whether bladder temperatures are closer to PA readings than rectal temperatures (2,5). Readings may be falsely low if urine output is decreased.• Nasopharyngeal: In the only paediatric study (5) to date that compared nasopharyngeal temperature with other sites, mean difference from PA temperature was 0.43°C, which was higher than the difference for bladder temperatures, but lower than the difference for rectal, tympanic or axillary temperatures. Ind...

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“…Therefore, temporal artery thermometer recordings have low sensitivity; this study highlighted temperature measurements were unacceptably lower by a mean of 0.42°C. Another publication came to the same conclusion 1. The comparison of these measurements with an accurate reference site (rectal or oral) and with an electronic thermometer added to the validity of the study.…”

Section: Commentarymentioning

confidence: 79%

Infrared thermometers for assessing fever in children: the ThermoScan PRO 4000 ear thermometer is more reliable than the Temporal Scanner TAT-500

El-Radhi

2014

Evid Based Nurs

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Liquid Crystal Forehead Temperature Strips

Cited by 28 publications

References 5 publications

Non-contact infrared thermometry temperature measurement for screening fever in children

Non-contact infrared thermometry temperature measurement for screening fever in children

Body temperature measurement in paediatrics: Which gadget should we believe?

Infrared thermometers for assessing fever in children: the ThermoScan PRO 4000 ear thermometer is more reliable than the Temporal Scanner TAT-500

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