Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Antidepressant Drugs

Beierle, Floyd A.; Hubbard, Richard W.

doi:10.1097/00007691-198309000-00008

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…As the clinical efficacy of the drug may depend on the steady-state plasma concentrations of amoxapine and 8-hydroxyamoxapine, both substances should be measured (Kobayashi A et al 1992). The ratios of 8hydroxy amoxapine/amoxapine range from 0.5 to 9.7, indicating a wide range of concentrations of both compounds (Beierle and Hubbard 1983) in agreement with the described wide interindividual variations in concentration levels of the drug and its metabolites (Selinger et al 1989). The therapeutic reference range for amoxapine plus 8-hydroxyamoxapine is reportedly 200-500 ng/mL (Tasset and Hassan 1982).…”

Section: Amoxapinesupporting

confidence: 85%

Tools for optimising pharmacotherapy in psychiatry (therapeutic drug monitoring, molecular brain imaging and pharmacogenetic tests): focus on antidepressants

Eap

Gründer

Baumann

et al. 2021

The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry

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Objectives: More than 40 drugs are available to treat affective disorders. Individual selection of the optimal drug and dose is required to attain the highest possible efficacy and acceptable tolerability for every patient. Methods: This review, which includes more than 500 articles selected by 30 experts, combines relevant knowledge on studies investigating the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics of 33 antidepressant drugs and of 4 drugs approved for augmentation in cases of insufficient response to antidepressant monotherapy. Such studies typically measure drug concentrations in blood (i.e. therapeutic drug monitoring) and genotype relevant genetic polymorphisms of enzymes, transporters or receptors involved in drug metabolism or mechanism of action. Imaging studies, primarily positron emission tomography that relates drug concentrations in blood and radioligand binding, are considered to quantify target structure occupancy by the antidepressant drugs in vivo. Results: Evidence is given that in vivo imaging, therapeutic drug monitoring and genotyping and/or phenotyping of drug metabolising enzymes should be an integral part in the development of any new antidepressant drug. Conclusions: To guide antidepressant drug therapy in everyday practice, there are multiple indications such as uncertain adherence, polypharmacy, nonresponse and/or adverse reactions under therapeutically recommended doses, where therapeutic drug monitoring and cytochrome P450 genotyping and/or phenotyping should be applied as valid tools of precision medicine.

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Section: Amoxapinesupporting

confidence: 85%

Tools for optimising pharmacotherapy in psychiatry (therapeutic drug monitoring, molecular brain imaging and pharmacogenetic tests): focus on antidepressants

Eap

Gründer

Baumann

et al. 2021

The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry

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“…A number of methods are available in the literature for the determination of PCT, such as high-performance liquid chromatography [8][9][10], Chemiluminescence [11], Fluorescence [12], pulse perturbation technique [13], Spectrofluorimetric [14], and several others. A very few methods are reported in the literature for the determination of PTP in pharmaceutical formulations which include high performance liquid chromatography [15][16][17], Liquid chromatography [18], and flow injection technique [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive Spectrophotometric Determinations of Paracetamol and Protriptyline HCl Using 3-Chloro-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one

2013

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A new spectrophotometric method is developed for the determination of Paracetamol (PCT) and protriptyline HCl (PTP) in pure forms and in pharmaceutical formulations. The experiment involves the use of 3-chloro-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one as a novel chromogenic reagent for the determination of PCT and PTP. The method is based on the formation of charge transfer complex between the drugs and chromogenic reagent. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 10.00–60.00 µg mL−1 for PCT at 545 nm and 40.00–160.00 µg mL−1 for PTP at 468 nm. The molar absorptivity, Sandell, sensitivity, and limit of detection and quantification are also calculated. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of both PCT and PTP in pharmaceutical samples with acceptable results.

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“…In contrast, Hansen et al [29] showed the effectiveness of nonaqueous CE (NACE) for the separation of thioxanthene isomers without any additives like micelle forming agents or CD just by varying the organic solvent and the pH*. Although there exist several HPLC methods to separate particular isomers of neuroleptic thioxanthenes [30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and the antidepressant doxepin [37][38][39][40][41], in most cases normal phases [30,31,34,[37][38][39] or reversed phases with THF containing eluents [35], addition of amines [40,41] or detergents [36] had to be used. Hence, capillary electrophoretic methods could be an effective alternative due to high resolutions, fast separations, low injection volumes, and low costs for solvents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation of (Z)‐ and (E)‐isomers of thioxanthene and dibenz[b,e]oxepin derivatives with calixarenes and resorcinarenes as additives in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

Sokoließ¹,

Gronau²,

Menyes³

et al. 2003

Electrophoresis

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Five acidic calix[4]arenes with carboxylic or sulfonic groups at either the upper or lower rim of the cavity and one resorc[4]arene were investigated to separate three thioxanthenes (flupentixol, clopenthixol, chlorprothixene) and a dibenz[b,e]oxepin derivative (doxepin) with cis-/trans-isomerism by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE). Partial filling of the capillary with the UV-absorbing selectors led to a low detection limit and an advantageous signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). A sufficient electrophoretic mobility of the calixarenes towards the anode was necessary to outweigh the oppositely directed electroosmotic flow (EOF). This depended from the functional groups, the dissociation and the hydrodynamic radius of the cyclophanes. In contrast, the resorcinarene was useable only by addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) because only the complex of the two selectors had an anodic apparent electrophoretic mobility. p-Sulfonyl-calix[4]arene (ss-a1) was the most capable selector for all E/Z-isomers with maximal alpha-values ranging from 1.056 for doxepin to 1.224 for chlorprothixene. This was due to the sufficient migration in reversed direction to the EOF even at low pH* values of 3.0. Otherwise, electrostatic as well as hydrophobic interactions with the positively charged isomers seem to contribute to a superior recognition. Increasing the concentration up to 15 mM ss-a1 and using acidic media (pH* 5.0) led to high separation efficiency. Changing the organic solvent provides a powerful tool to improve selectivity with N,N-dimethylformamide-methanol (DMF-MeOH)-mixtures for thioxanthenes. Further electrophoretic parameters were optimized, such as the concentration of the electrolytes, the addition of SDS, the kind of electrolytes and the voltage. Distinct differences in selectivities were found between the derivatives with thioxanthene and dibenzo[b,e]oxepin ring system, respectively. Further, the different basic side chain was responsible for the different selectivity at higher pH* values. In contrast, the substitution at position 2 of the thioxanthenes played a secondary role. Based on the studies of single parameters a method for a simultaneous separation of the four pairs of isomers within 13 min was developed.

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Liquid Chromatographic Separation of Antidepressant Drugs

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Tools for optimising pharmacotherapy in psychiatry (therapeutic drug monitoring, molecular brain imaging and pharmacogenetic tests): focus on antidepressants

Tools for optimising pharmacotherapy in psychiatry (therapeutic drug monitoring, molecular brain imaging and pharmacogenetic tests): focus on antidepressants

Sensitive Spectrophotometric Determinations of Paracetamol and Protriptyline HCl Using 3-Chloro-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one

Separation of (Z)‐ and (E)‐isomers of thioxanthene and dibenz[b,e]oxepin derivatives with calixarenes and resorcinarenes as additives in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis

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