Liquid-Ammonia and Caustic Mercerization of Cotton Fibers: Changes in Fine Structure and Mechanical Properties

Rousselle, Marie-Alice; Nelson, Mary L.; Hassenboehler, Charles B.; Legendre, D. C.

doi:10.1177/004051757604600412

Cited by 76 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…1,2 Cellulose treatment by liquid ammonia has been used industrially to improve textile fiber properties at sub-zero temperatures and low pressures. 3,4 Effective CIII formation during ammonia pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass requires the substrate to have low moisture content and the usage of high ammonia-to-biomass a Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Department of…”

Section: Fundamentals Of Ea Pretreatment Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Next-generation ammonia pretreatment enhances cellulosic biofuel production

Sousa

Jin

Chundawat

et al. 2016

Energy Environ. Sci.

174

131

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Section: Fundamentals Of Ea Pretreatment Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Next-generation ammonia pretreatment enhances cellulosic biofuel production

Sousa

Jin

Chundawat

et al. 2016

Energy Environ. Sci.

174

131

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“…The naturally occurring crystal phases, cellulose I [3] can be transformed into cellulose IIII by treating them with liquid ammonia [4] or various amines [5][6][7][8][9]. Therefore, the ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) pretreatment was performed by heating the biomass with ammonia gas at 90˚C under 21 atm [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Ethanol Production from Napiergrass (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i> Schumach) by a Low-Moisture Anhydrous Ammonia Pretreatment

Yasuda¹,

Takeo²,

Nagai³

et al. 2013

JSBS

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Napiegrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) was treated with a low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA) pretreatment by adding an equal weight of water and keeping it under atmospheric ammonia gas at room temperature for four weeks. After the removal of ammonia and washing with water, a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was conducted for the LMAA-pretreated napiergrass (1.33 g) in a buffer solution (8 mL) using a mixture of a cellulase (80 mg) and a xylanase (53 mg) as well as the cell suspension (0.16 mL) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ethanol and xylose resulted in 91.2% and 62.9% yields, respectively. The SSF process was scaled up using LMAA-pretreated napiergrass (100.0 g) to give ethanol (77.2%) and xylose (52.8%). After the removal of ethanol, the pentose fermentation of the SSF solution (40 mL), which contained 1.00 g of xylose, using cell suspension of Escherichia coli KO11 (70 mL) gave 86.3% yield of ethanol. Total ethanol yield reached 68.9% based on xylan (21.4 wt%) and glucan (39.7 wt%) of the LMAA-pretreated napiergrass.

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“…Lewin and Roldan gave evidence that III is obtained by drying the cellulose-ammonia complex in the absence of water [ 12], but these investigators obtained decrystallization and poor conversion of I to III even under their best conditions, i.e., drying the oellulo9e-ammonia complex at room temperature and then heating at 105°C for 30 minutes. Others [ 13] reported a partial conversion of about 10% of I to III and an increase in the percentage of disordered or amorphous cellulose from about 27% disordered to about 67% disordered as the cellulose-ammonia complex was. dried by evaporation of ammonia.…”

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Conversion of Cellulose I to Stable Cellulose III

Yatsu

Calamari

Benerito

1986

Textile Research Journal

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Cotton cellulose in fiber, yarn, or fabric form was converted from cellulose I to the cellulose III polymorph. Excellent conversion to III was obtained by immersing cotton (cellulose I) in liquid ammonia at room temperature, subjecting it to pressures from 689.5 to 11,721.5 kPa (100 to 1700 psi) while saturated with ammonia, and de-gassing the ammonia at either room temperature or elevated (about 140°C) temperatures. De-gassing at either temperature was equally effective. Complete conversion to III was obtained when cotton fibers from a never-dried cotton boll were dried with dimethoxypropane, treated with liquid ammonia at 140°C and at 11,721.5 kPa, and dried at or above the critical temperature (132.5°C). Crystalline cellulose III obtained under high pressures was stable to boiling water. After several hours in boiling water, there was only a slight indication of its conversion to IV. Complete conversion of III to IV was obtained by first subjecting III to anhydrous ethylenediamine and then to the aprotic polar solvent, dimethylformamide.Formation of complexes between liquid ammonia and cellulose was reported as early as 1936, as were .changes in the crystal structures of cellulose resulting from decomposition of these complexes [2]. Changes in interplanar distances caused by interaction of cellulose I with liquid ammonia at atmospheric pressure and by interactions of cellulose with primary amines, as determined by x-ray diffraction, were reported [4,6,8]. Davis et al. [6] also noted that the interplanar distance, djol, of the product formed when cellulose was treated with ammonia in sealed tubes at 10 atmospheres of pressure differed from that obtained at atmospheric pressure. These findings were of academic interest until the advent of two British patents [9, 17] that described the use of liquid ammonia instead of aqueous NaOH to improve the smoothness of oellulosic fabrics and the strength and luster of cotton sewing threads. The report by Gogek [7] that pretreatment of cotton twill with liquid ammonia improved the washwear ratings and abrasion resistance of subsequently crosslinked fabric aroused the interest of the textile in-' dustry. Immediately, there was increased interest in the treatment of textiles with liquid ammonia [3,5].The degree of conversion of the crystalline lattice of native cotton (I) to cellulose III depends on the manner in which the liquid ammonia is removed [3,9, 17].Partial conversion to III occurs when ammonia is removed by evaporation or by extraction with solvents such as anhydrous acetone or tetrahydrofuran. Quenching of the ammonia-cellulose complex with either water or alcohols causes reversion to I. The literature reports that, at best, liquid ammonia pretreatments result in mixed I and III lattices, while conventional meroerizations result in mixed 1 and II lattices. Lewin and Roldan gave evidence that III is obtained by drying the cellulose-ammonia complex in the absence of water [ 12], but these investigators obtained decrystallization and poor conversion of ...

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Liquid-Ammonia and Caustic Mercerization of Cotton Fibers: Changes in Fine Structure and Mechanical Properties

Cited by 76 publications

References 8 publications

Next-generation ammonia pretreatment enhances cellulosic biofuel production

Next-generation ammonia pretreatment enhances cellulosic biofuel production

Enhancement of Ethanol Production from Napiergrass (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i> Schumach) by a Low-Moisture Anhydrous Ammonia Pretreatment

Conversion of Cellulose I to Stable Cellulose III

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Liquid-Ammonia and Caustic Mercerization of Cotton Fibers: Changes in Fine Structure and Mechanical Properties

Cited by 76 publications

References 8 publications

Next-generation ammonia pretreatment enhances cellulosic biofuel production

Next-generation ammonia pretreatment enhances cellulosic biofuel production

Enhancement of Ethanol Production from Napiergrass (&lt;i&gt;Pennisetum purpureum&lt;/i&gt; Schumach) by a Low-Moisture Anhydrous Ammonia Pretreatment

Conversion of Cellulose I to Stable Cellulose III

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Enhancement of Ethanol Production from Napiergrass (<i>Pennisetum purpureum</i> Schumach) by a Low-Moisture Anhydrous Ammonia Pretreatment