Liquefied natural gas tanker truck-to-tank transfer for on-road transportation

Sharafian, Amir; Blomerus, Paul; Mérida, Walter

doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114313

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Methane, which makes up 90% of the overall composition of natural gas, is the essential component. Natural gas leaks have detrimental consequences for ecological processes and human health from a socio-environmental perspective, and methane is one of the global warming pollutants that require prevention from releases to the environment [21].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Air Emissions and Social Human Health Impact Assessment of Liquified Natural Gas Maritime Transport

et al. 2021

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Air pollution, which causes over seven million deaths per year, is the most significant and specifically related to health impacts. Nearly 90% of the urban population worldwide is exposed to pollution not meeting the World Health Organization guidelines for air quality. Many atmospheric carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter emitting sources, such as inefficient energy and polluting transportation, directly impact health. Natural gas maritime transport from various parts of the world (carbon supplied to consuming areas) has become more critical. Natural gas liquefaction offers a cleaner and more efficient transportation option and also increases its storage capacity. It is expected that natural gas will reduce the human health impact compared with other traditional fuels consumed. This research establishes a life cycle assessment model of air emission and social human health impact related to LNG maritime transport to investigate the impact of each type of fuel used for the numerous maritime carriers. In order to build a model for air emissions and social human health impact assessments based on hypotheses on various unknown criteria, a calculation model is used. The results revealed Conventional-2 fuel type has the lowest human health impact for annual mode calculations, followed by Conventional-1, Q-Max, and finally Q-Flex. The analysis method for the per year demonstrated discrepancies in the relative human health impact due to the variation of the annual LNG demand by each destination and not only per the trip needs. The results show the importance of using a relatively cleaner fuel type such as Conventional-2 in reducing the health impact of LNG maritime transportation. Moreover, it shows differences in the air emissions as well as the human health impact based on the destination’s location and annual LNG demand.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Air Emissions and Social Human Health Impact Assessment of Liquified Natural Gas Maritime Transport

et al. 2021

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“…The LNG pump transports the LNG loaded in the bunkering tank to the receiving tank. The pump as a transportation device is advantageous because it reduces LNG transport time (Sharafian et al, 2019). Safety valves are attached to Fig.…”

Section: Determination Of Lng Bunkeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse Gas Emission Analysis by LNG Fuel Tank Size through Life Cycle

Park¹,

Choi²

2021

J. Ocean Eng. Technol.

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As greenhouse gas emissions from maritime transport are increasing, the International Maritime Organization is continuously working to strengthen emission regulations. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel is less advantageous as a point of CO 2 reduction due to the methane leakage that occurs during the bunkering and operation of marine engines. In this study, greenhouse gas emissions from an LNG-fueled ship were analyzed from the perspective of the life cycle. The amount ofmethane emission during the bunkering and operation procedures with various boil-off gas (BOG) treatment methods and gas engine specifications was analyzed by dynamic simulation. The results were also compared with those of other liquid fuel engines. As a result, small LNG-fueled ships without a BOG treatment facility emitted 32% more greenhouse gas than ships utilizing marine gas oil or heavy fuel oil. To achieve a greenhouse gas reduction via a BOG treatment method, a gas combustion unit or re-liquefaction system must be mounted, which results in a greenhouse gas reduction effect of about 25% and 30%. As a result of comparing the amount of greenhouse gas generated according to the BOG treatment method used with each tank size from the perspective of the operating cycle with the amounts from using existing marine fuels, the BOG treatment method showed superior effects of greenhouse gas reduction.

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“…ASPEN HYSYS has subroutines for calculation of vapor-liquid phase equilibrium, heat and mass balances, and simulation of many kinds of plant engineering equipment. The Peng-Robinson equation of state was adopted for the process simulation, as it was found to be appropriate for the LNG bunkering process [15][16][17]19,24]. The liquid-vapor phase equilibrium was iterated and solved in the simulation.…”

Section: Simulation and Input Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results indicated that an LNG offloading model with a pressure buildup unit (PBU) causes more methane emissions than models using a pump or controlled PBU. In the parametric study, the insulation, pipe diameter, length of delivery pipeline, and PBU design influenced the LNG transfer process [19]. Yan and Gu investigated the performances of offloading LNG from floating production and storage to LNG carriers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Parameters on Vapor Generation in Ship-to-Ship Liquefied Natural Gas Bunkering

Lee,

Choi,

Jung

et al. 2020

Applied Sciences

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Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is attracting increasing attention as an alternative fuel in the maritime sector, as it can reduce harmful emissions for compliance with stricter environmental regulations. Owing to this environmental advantage, the number of ships using LNG as a fuel is increasing; thus, the demand for ship-to-ship LNG bunkering is increasing. One of the challenges of ship-to-ship LNG bunkering is boil-off gas (BOG) management, as it is more difficult than normal BOG management. This study analyzed the influences of the parameters on vapor generation, including the temperature difference between the bunker tank and receiving tank, bunkering flow rate, insulation performance, and compositions. A model based on a typical bunkering system was established, and a dynamic simulation was conducted using a commercial process simulator, Aspen HYSYS. The results indicated that as the initial temperature of the receiving tank increased, the amount of vapor return increased proportionally. In addition, increasing the bunkering flow rate decreased the amount of heat entering through the pipes and tanks; however, the heat dissipated by the pump shaft power increased. Different LNG compositions in the bunker tank led to changes in the initial pressure of the bunker tank, influencing the vapor return and vapor generation in the receiving tank. Through a parametric study, it was found that the pressure of the tank is the most important factor in terms of vapor return and vapor generation. As such, a pressure control method was proposed for the tank, so as to reduce vapor generation and vapor return. With pressure control, the total amount of vapor return to the bunker tanks is reduced from 7392 to 3317 kg. The net vapor generation in the receiving tank is reduced by up to 4047 kg and the net vapor generation in the overall system is reduced by 16.2%.

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Liquefied natural gas tanker truck-to-tank transfer for on-road transportation

Cited by 16 publications

References 23 publications

Life Cycle Air Emissions and Social Human Health Impact Assessment of Liquified Natural Gas Maritime Transport

Life Cycle Air Emissions and Social Human Health Impact Assessment of Liquified Natural Gas Maritime Transport

Greenhouse Gas Emission Analysis by LNG Fuel Tank Size through Life Cycle

Effect of Parameters on Vapor Generation in Ship-to-Ship Liquefied Natural Gas Bunkering

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