Liquefaction resistance of sand–silt mixtures: an experimental investigation of the effect of fines

Xenaki, V. C.; Athanasopoulos, George

doi:10.1016/s0267-7261(02)00210-5

Cited by 240 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…For example, Kuerbis et al (1988), Vaid (1994), and Xenaki and Athanasopoulos (2003) found an increase in cyclic resistance with increasingˆnes content. A similar result was obtained by Polito and Martin (2001) using Yatesville sand as host sand, but they found that the cyclic resistance ratio reached a plateau with increasingˆnes content when they tested Monterey sand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The eŠects of non-plasticˆnes on the monotonic behaviour of sand are increasingly understood, however there is still no consensus on how non-plasticˆnes may aŠect the cyclic behaviour of silty sands. For example, for tests carried out at constant void ratio (CVR) on sands of diŠerent origins, the cyclic resistance ratio, CRR, deˆned as the cyclic stress ratio required to cause liquefaction after a certain cycle of loading (Youd et al, 2001), was found to increase with increasingˆnes content by Chang et al (1982) and Amini and Qi (2000), to decrease with increasingˆnes content by Kuerbis et al (1988) and Finn et al (1994), but to decrease forˆnes contents less than the limitingˆnes content and increase forˆnes contents larger than the LFC by Polito and Martin (2001), Xenaki and Athanasopoulos (2003), Ueng et al (2004) and Ravishankar (2006). Keeping the void ratio constant while increasing theˆnes content implies an increase or a decrease or an initial decrease followed by an increase in the density of the sand-silt mixture, which may in‰uence the result.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The presence ofˆnes in sand will aŠect its behaviour both under monotonic loading ( (Xenaki and Athanasopoulos, 2003), until large scale liquefactionrelated failures were found to occur in silty sand deposits, for example during the recent earthquake in Bhuj, India, in 2001. Since then, the behaviour, and speciˆcally the liquefaction of silty sands and sand-silt mixtures have been studied extensively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A constant plateau was also found by Finn et al (1994). Based on the conceptual framework proposed by Thevanayagam and Mohan (1998), Xenaki and Athanasopoulos (2003) carried out tests at constant interˆne void ratio, ef, using sand-silt mixtures withˆnes content larger than the limitingˆnes content. They found a decrease in cyclic resistance with increasingˆnes content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Influence of Non-Plastic Fines on the Response of a Silty Sand to Cyclic Loading

Dash

Sitharam

Baudet

2010

Soils and Foundations

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Data from cyclic loading tests on sand-ˆne mixtures made of Ahmedabad sand and quarry dust are presented. Tests were performed at constant void ratio, constant relative density and constant sand skeleton void ratio, for a variety of nes contents. Instead of looking at the direct eŠect ofˆnes content on the cyclic response of the sand-ˆne mixtures, a novel approach of analysing the cyclic test data is proposed, by normalising these data with respect to state. The important diŠerence with other similar work on plain sand is that the reference line for normalising must take account of theˆnes content. Simple deˆnitions of equivalent void ratio, which take account ofˆnes content, have been used. The results presented indicate that state plays an important role in deˆning the cyclic resistance ratio and pore water pressure generation during cyclic loading.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Influence of Non-Plastic Fines on the Response of a Silty Sand to Cyclic Loading

Dash

Sitharam

Baudet

2010

Soils and Foundations

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“…Some of the earlier studies on artiˆcial silty sand specimens, mostly of silica in nature, have indicated that there is a threshold FC, generally ranged from 25 to 45z (Koester, 1994;Polito, 1999;Xenaki and Athanasopoulos, 2003). For silty sands under the same void ratio, and FC below the threshold value, CRR decreases with FC.…”

Section: Shear Wave Velocity Measurements and Cyclic Triaxial Testsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Undisturbed Sampling and Laboratory Shearing Tests on a Sand with Various Fines Contents

Huang

2007

Soils and Foundations

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The eŠects of plastic or non-plasticˆnes on the static and cyclic strength of sand have been a subject of laboratory studies for many decades. These studies have not lead to a concensus as to howˆnes can aŠect the behavior of sand. Earlier studies have mostly been limited to tests on reconstituted specimens. Some of the controversies stem from the concerns that reconstituted specimens may not be able to duplicate the soil fabric in theˆeld. The authors used Laval sampler to retrieve high quality samples with a wide range ofˆnes contents in Central Western Taiwan. A test site was developed in Yuan Lin Township where standard penetration test (SPT), seismic piezocone (SCPTU) andˆeld shear wave velocity (Vs) measurements were performed in addition to Laval sampling. A series of monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests with Vs measurements were conducted on natural and reconstituted Yuan Lin Soil (YLS) specimens withˆnes contents ranging from 18 to 89z. While the study conˆrmed some of the earlierˆndings which indicated thatˆnes tend to weaken the soil specimens, the results also showed that the eŠects ofˆnes may be exaggerated according to tests on reconstituted specimens.

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Applicability of soil‐type index for shear wave velocity‐based liquefaction assessment

Ecemis,

Monkul,

Orucu

2024

Earthq Engng Struct Dyn

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The current simplified liquefaction assessment method based on the shear‐wave velocity, Vs has uncertainties about how the fine contents change the Vs‐based liquefaction resistance. According to the simplified method, for a given Vs, the cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) increases with an increase in fine contents. However, field investigations recently revealed that for various silty sands, the correlation between CRR and Vs is soil‐type index dependent and not specific for all sand‐silt mixtures with the same fine contents. Therefore, a detailed experimental research program is performed in this study to clarify the effect of the soil‐type index on the shear wave velocity and CRR correlation. In the first part of the present study, the cyclic resistance of sand mixed with non‐plastic (NP) fines (dry weight of 0%, 5%, 15%, and 35%) was investigated using cyclic direct simple shear (CDSS) tests. Seismic cone penetration (SCPT) tests were performed inside the large‐scale box to facilitate normalized cone penetration resistance (qc1N) and shear wave velocity measurements on the soils used in the CDSS tests. A new correlation was proposed between the qc1N and normalized shear wave velocity (Vs1) using the soil‐type index Ic representing the behavior of soil. Then, CRR‐Vs1 correlation was obtained experimentally for four distinct ranges of soil‐type index. Finally, the results of this study and the proposed CRR‐Vs1 trends in other investigations were used to discuss the soil‐type dependent Vs‐based liquefaction susceptibility zones.

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Liquefaction resistance of sand–silt mixtures: an experimental investigation of the effect of fines

Cited by 240 publications

References 6 publications

Influence of Non-Plastic Fines on the Response of a Silty Sand to Cyclic Loading

Influence of Non-Plastic Fines on the Response of a Silty Sand to Cyclic Loading

Undisturbed Sampling and Laboratory Shearing Tests on a Sand with Various Fines Contents

Applicability of soil‐type index for shear wave velocity‐based liquefaction assessment

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