Liquefaction and re-liquefaction of sediments induced by uneven loading and glacigenic earthquakes: Implications of results from the Latvian Baltic Sea coast

Woźniak, Piotr Paweł; Belzyt, Szymon; Pisarska‐Jamroży, Małgorzata; Woronko, Barbara; Lamsters, Kristaps; Nartišs, Māris; Bitinas, Albertas

doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2021.105944

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…The mobility of the silt fraction in the sediment initiates the deformation structures development, especially in the case of AU and PU, that is, injection features. Concave up structure sediments contain higher percentage of silt (Me = 73%) than concave down structure sediments (Me = 20%), which was confirmed by many field studies (Belzyt et al, 2021;Pisarska-Jamroży et al, 2018, 2019a, 2019bVan Loon et al, 2016;Van Loon & Pisarska-Jamroży, 2014;Woźniak et al, 2021) as well as during laboratory experiments , and by mathematical models (Bronikowska et al, 2021). Both active structures, that is, AU and AD contain higher percentage of silt (Me = 75% and 25%, respectively) than passive structures (PU and PD) (Table 2).…”

Section: Mobilization Of Siltssupporting

confidence: 58%

“…The studied sediments (Table 1), deposited in lacustrine, shallow marine or fluvial environments (Belzyt et al., 2021; Bitinas et al., 2021; Pisarska‐Jamroży et al., 2019a, 2022; Woźniak et al., 2021), had a high potential for their liquefaction. The sediments were water‐saturated during deposition and may have remained saturated for a long time after deposition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We present the results of grain‐size analysis of 144 samples collected from eight study sites, where SSDS, induced by liquefaction, were recognized (Nartišs et al., 2018; Pisarska‐Jamroży et al., 2018, 2019a, 2019b; Woronko et al., 2018; Woźniak et al., 2021), and the age of sediment deformation was estimated using the Optically Simulation Luminescence (OSL) method (Table 1). We analyzed the deformed sediments occurring within separate, laterally continuous layers interbedded by undeformed sediments, recorded over a large area of the outcrop.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All data to reproduce the work in the paper are available in the repository https://doi.org/10.5281/ zenodo.8089572. Data are stored in this in-text data citation reference : Hoffmann & Reicherter, 2011;Nartišs et al, 2018;Woronko et al, 2018;Pisarska-Jamroży et al, 2018, 2019aBelzyt et al, 2021;Woźniak et al, 2021. Software for this research is available in these in-text data citation references: Blott & Pye, 2001, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.261/suppinf (GRADISTAT), https://www.statsoft.pl/ (STATISTICA).…”

Section: Conflict Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, we describe the statistically developed granulometric composition of Quaternary‐age sediments, deposited in lacustrine, shallow marine and fluvial environments, which have been liquefied (Belzyt et al., 2021; Hoffmann & Reicherter, 2011; Nartišs et al., 2018; Pisarska‐Jamroży et al., 2018, 2019a, 2022; Woronko et al., 2018; Woźniak et al., 2021). The primary porosity and structure of the sediments is unknown as well as primary water saturation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sedimentary Records of Liquefaction: Implications From Field Studies

et al. 2023

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The susceptibility of grains in sediment to the liquefaction process causes the development of deformation structures. Some sediments undergo liquefaction, others do not. There is a group of sediments especially prone to liquefaction, which was proven during laboratory experiments. However, the field results are often slightly different from those obtained experimentally because of many unpredictable factors influencing the course of the liquefaction process. For this reason, we tested 144 samples of unconsolidated Quaternary‐age sediments, collected from eight study sites in Germany, Lithuania and Latvia, which have been liquefied. We also present some new dating results. These samples were divided into two groups of soft‐sediment deformation structures: concave up (e.g., injection structures) and concave down (e.g., load casts, pseudonodules). The granulometry of all deformation types was statistically evaluated, which allowed identifying textural differences between sediment contained in concave up and concave down structures. We suggest that the mobilization of silt fraction is responsible for the further deforming process. We also confirm that the maximum content of clay in sediment prone to liquefaction cannot exceed 14%, but only with a significant content of coarser fractions (silt and sand). Moreover, we identified two separate zones of the specific grain size in which only concave down structures or only concave up structures develop as an effect of liquefaction, and the third “transitional zone” where all forms occur. The “transitional zone” is separated from the concave up structures and concave down structures zones by two “gap zones” in which no liquefied sediments were observed.

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