“…Indeed, several laws regulate the operation and functioning of companies, especially when participating in public bids [Pereira et al, 2022]. In this context, seminal works in the analysis of public bids focus on distinct aspects of fraud detection, including cartels between bidders [Gabardo and Lopes, 2014], bid characterization [Luna and Figueiredo, 2022], alerts based on network analysis [Costa et al, 2022; Pereira et al, 2022, and inconsistencies between bidder activities and bidding items [Oliveira et al, 2022a] Furthermore, Silva et al [2022] also propose LiPSet, a dataset of public bid documents, and mention fraud detection as one of its applications.…”