Lipovaccines, With Special Reference to Public Health Work

Whitmore, Eugene R.

doi:10.2105/ajph.9.7.504

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…For instance, “lipovaccines,” or homogenized dried bacterial cells mixed with oil, were first reported in 1916 ( Achard and Foix, 1916 ; Pinoy, 1916a , b ). This vaccine formulation increased the potency of killed bacterial vaccines in human subjects, reducing the high doses of bacterial cells and number of immunizations required, making them more comparable in efficacy to vaccines based on live-attenuated organisms such as smallpox, which only required one dose ( Whitmore, 1919 ; Lewis and Dodge, 1920 ).…”

Section: Importance Of Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjuvants for Leishmania vaccines: from models to clinical application

Raman¹,

Duthie²,

Fox³

et al. 2012

Front. Immun.

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Two million new cases of leishmaniasis occur every year, with the cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) presentation accounting for approximately two-thirds of all cases. Despite the high incidence rates and geographic expansion of the disease, CL remains a neglected tropical disease without effective intervention strategies. Efforts to address this deficit have given rise to the experimental murine model of CL. By virtue of its simplicity and pliability, the CL model has been used to provide substantial information regarding cellular immunity, as well as in the discovery and evaluation of various vaccine adjuvants. The CL model has facilitated in vivo studies of the mechanism of action of many adjuvants, including the TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A, the TLR7/8 agonist imiquimod, the TLR9 agonist CpG, adenoviral vectors, and the immunostimulatory complexes. Together, these studies have helped to unveil the requirement for certain types of immune responses at specific stages of CL disease and provide a basis to aid the design of effective second-generation vaccines for human CL. This review focuses on adjuvants that have been tested in experimental CL, outlining how they have helped advance our understanding of the disease and ultimately, how they have performed when applied within clinical trials against human CL.

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Section: Importance Of Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjuvants for Leishmania vaccines: from models to clinical application

Raman¹,

Duthie²,

Fox³

et al. 2012

Front. Immun.

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show abstract

“…Lipovaccine technology was used in human subjects, including the US military [5,6], as an approach to increase vaccine potency, which enabled the use of decreasing doses of bacterial cells (dose sparing), as well as decreasing the number of injections required for protection (doseage sparing). These same challenges remain with us today, particularly in relation to influenza vaccines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsion-Based Adjuvants for Improved Influenza Vaccines

O’Hagan

Tsai

Reed

2010

Influenza Vaccines for the Future

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Emulsions have a long history of use as potent and effective adjuvants in humans for a range of vaccines, particularly for influenza. Although older mineral oil-and water-in-oil-based emulsion adjuvants did not have an overall safety and tolerability profile to allow them to be acceptable for widespread use, a newer generation of oil-in-water adjuvants has been recently developed, based on the use of the biodegradable oil squalene. These adjuvants have shown particular value in the development of new generation vaccines to offer enhanced protection against both seasonal and pandemic strains of influenza virus. The first oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant included in an approved flu vaccine was MF59, which was originally licensed in Europe in 1997 as an improved influenza vaccine for the elderly. In the very recent past, MF59 and related adjuvants have shown their value by offering the possibility of significant antigen dose reductions and higher potency products in the face of the H1N1 pandemic emergency and other pandemic threats. The recent H1N1 global problem allowed the opportunity for widespread use of emulsionbased adjuvants in a range of population groups in a number of countries, in which strict monitoring of safety was the norm. Importantly, this widespread use allowed the safety profile of squalene-based emulsion adjuvants to be further substantiated in large and diverse populations of humans, including young children and pregnant women. It is our confident prediction that the coming years will see wider use and further licensures for oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants, particularly for improved flu vaccines.

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Recruiting the Host Defense Mechanisms: Roles for Vaccines and Chemotherapeutics

Schetters¹

2009

Antiparasitic and Antibacterial Drug Discovery

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Lipovaccines, With Special Reference to Public Health Work

Abstract: Colonel Whitmore tells in plain language just what lipovaccines are and within what limits their usefulness lies. His paper will dispel any misunderstanding about them in the minds of those not specialists.

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Adjuvants for Leishmania vaccines: from models to clinical application

Adjuvants for Leishmania vaccines: from models to clinical application

Emulsion-Based Adjuvants for Improved Influenza Vaccines

Recruiting the Host Defense Mechanisms: Roles for Vaccines and Chemotherapeutics

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