Lipoteichoic Acids fromLactobacillusStrains Elicit Strong Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Inducing Activities in Macrophages through Toll-Like Receptor 2

Enhanced antiinflammatory capacity of a Lactobacillus plantarum mutant synthesizing modified teichoic acids

“…Interestingly, the Dlt Ϫ mutant cells were less potent in inducing the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-␣ and showed no significant TLR-2 dependence. This finding indicates that TLR-2 dependence is linked to the presence of biological active LTA, but that other receptors might also be involved in Gram-positive bacteria recognition depending on cell envelope structural differences among species or even strains (33). In our case, we have demonstrated the impact of LTA substitution on the immunomodulating properties of L. plantarum.…”

“…LTAs have been proposed to mediate adhesion of lactobacilli to epithelial cells (31,32). LTAs were also recently shown to be a major mediator of the capacity of Lactobacillus strains to stimulate TNF-␣ from macrophages (33). To our knowledge, the importance of the specific composition of LTAs in the immunomodulating capacity of lactobacilli has not been analyzed in detail.…”

Lactic Acid Bacteria as Probiotics: Characteristics, Selection Criteria and Role in Immunomodulation of Human GI Muccosal Barrier

“…TLRs are also found on innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages (Vinderola et al, 2005). TLR4 recognizes lipopolysaccharide and gram-negative bacteria, while TLR2 recognizes a variety of microbial components, such as peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acids, from gram-positive bacteria (Abreu 2003, Matsuguchi et al, 2003, Takeda et al, 2003. Also, several other TLRs with specific actions are known, such as TLR5, which responds to the bacterial flagella (Rhee et al, 2005), and TLR9, which is activated by bacterially derived short DNA fragments containing CpG sequences (Pedersen et al, 2005).…”

Probiotics and immunity

“…177,179,180 In particular, peptidoglycans have been implicated in IL-12 induction in splenocytes, 178 while lipoteichoic acids are involved in the stimulation of TNF-α production in macrophages and splenocytes. 181 In addition, DNA has been shown to mediate a variety of immunomodulatory effects of certain probiotic strains both in vitro and in vivo. 48,113,177 Note that ISS-DNA sequences have been identifi ed in a variety of probiotic strains, including LGG, 182 Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp.…”