Liposomes bi-functionalized with phosphatidic acid and an ApoE-derived peptide affect Aβ aggregation features and cross the blood–brain-barrier: Implications for therapy of Alzheimer disease

Getting into the brain: liposome-based strategies for effective drug delivery across the blood–brain barrier

“…For AD, 26 full-text article reviews were performed, and 12 studies were included for their fulfillment of inclusion criteria ( Figure 3, Table 3). 80,[83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95] For PD, 19 full-text articles were reviewed, and eight articles had all the requisites to be considered here ( Figure 3, Table 3). [96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103] Unfortunately, for Huntington's disease, just one full article was analyzed and this article did not show any outcome of interest for this disease, and for this reason was not included here ( Figure 3).…”

“…[93][94][95] Moreover, there have been several studies exploring different strategies to block the effects of Aβ and tau proteins that constitute major hallmarks of AD. [84][85][86][87]91 Once encapsulated into liposomes, the H102 peptide, a β-sheet breaker, was able to block the early steps of aggregation and misfolding of the soluble Aβ, improving the spatial memory impairment of AD in rats. 112 α-Mangostin is a polyphenolic xanthone that exhibits pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and antitumor effects.…”

“…83 It has also been demonstrated that bifunctionalized liposomes decorated with phosphatidic acid and a modified ApoE-derived peptide are able to cross the BBB in vivo and destabilize Aβ aggregates, suggesting that this approach is a good option for AD treatment. 84,85 Although the scope of this review is on liposome-strategies with the aim of facilitating BBB crossing, it is important to mention that other strategies have been developed for the use of liposomes for AD treatment. 89,[113][114][115][116] Curcumin is a natural compound extract from the plant Curcuma longa, and has been reported to be a fluorescent molecule with high affinity for the Aβ peptide and able to reduce Aβ aggregation.…”

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles trigger mitophagy in endothelial cells and perturb neuronal network activity in a size- and time-dependent manner

“…Each sample was analyzed at least in triplicate. 16,19 assessment of membrane integrity by lactate dehydrogenase (lDh) leakage After cell treatment with MSNPs, the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme LDH into the surrounding medium was analyzed using the cytotoxicity-detection kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland). Optical density was measured with a microplate reader (Victor 3 ) at 490 nm.…”

Multifunctional Liposomes Reduce Brain β-Amyloid Burden and Ameliorate Memory Impairment in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models

“…It is mainly diffused in its sporadic form, although in a minor population, it is of the familial type, which is caused by mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin 1 (PS1) or 2 (PS2) genes (Bertram and Tanzi, 2012). AD brains are characterized by extracellular plaques, mainly composed of ␤-amyloid (A␤), a 40-42 aa (A␤ 1-40 ; A␤ ) proteolytic fragment of the membrane-associated APP (Verbeek et al, 1997). A␤ undergoes an aggregation process leading to the formation of small, soluble oligomeric species and large, insoluble fibrillar species (Bruggink et al, 2012) and ending with the deposition of plaques.…”