Liposome-Mediated Delivery of MERS Antigen Induces Potent Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Mice

Abstract

The advancements in the field of nanotechnology have provided a great platform for the development of effective antiviral vaccines. Liposome-mediated delivery of antigens has been shown to induce the antigen-specific stimulation of the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Here, we prepared dried, reconstituted vesicles (DRVs) from DPPC liposomes and used them as the vaccine carrier system for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease (DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro). MERS-CoV PLpro emulsified in the Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant (IFA-MERS-CoV PLpro) was used as a control. Immunization of mice with DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro did not induce any notable toxicity, as revealed by the levels of the serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood of immunized mice. Immunization with DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro induced greater antigen-specific antibody titer and switching of IgG1 isotyping to IgG2a as compared to immunization with IFA-MERS-CoV PLpro. Moreover, splenocytes from mice immunized with DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro exhibited greater proliferation in response to antigen stimulation. Moreover, splenocytes from DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro-immunized mice secreted significantly higher IFN-γ as compared to splenocytes from IFA-MERS-CoV PLpro mice. In summary, DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro may prove to be an effective prophylactic formulation to prevent MERS-CoV infection.

Encapsulation of MERS antigen into α-GalCer-bearing-liposomes elicits stronger effector and memory immune responses in immunocompetent and leukopenic mice

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A Novel Polymer Nanoparticle Polydimethyl Diallyl Ammonium Chloride as An Adjuvant Enhances the Immune Response of SARS‐CoV‐2 Subunit Vaccine

“…[ 18 ] Various types of nanoparticles, including liposomes, microspheres, and chitosan nanoparticles, have demonstrated their potential as carriers and adjuvants for vaccines. [ 19 ]…”

“…[18] Various types of nanoparticles, including liposomes, microspheres, and chitosan nanoparticles, have demonstrated their potential as carriers and adjuvants for vaccines. [19] Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists, which activate the STING pathway and stimulate the production of type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokines, have emerged as promising novel adjuvants. [20] Among these agonists, cyclic GAM-AMP (cGAMP) is regarded as the most effective natural stimulator for STING.…”