LIPOPROTEIN(α) IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Byrne, Christopher D.; Wild, Sarah H.

doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.1994.tb09808.x

Cited by 61 publications

References 140 publications

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Lipoprotein(a): New insights into mechanisms of atherogenesis and thrombosis

Deb

Caplice

2004

Clinical Cardiology

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Lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) continues to be a controversial molecule regarding its role in human vascular disease. Although the physiologic role of this molecule is still unclear, novel discoveries within the last few years have suggested numerous mechanisms whereby Lp(a) may contribute to atherosclerosis and its complications in human subjects. These effects may differentially occur in vascular tissue and circulating blood compartments. A complex interplay between tissue‐specific effects is probably more relevant to the pathogenicity of this molecule than one single effect alone. This review briefly describes the structure of Lp(a) in relation to its biochemical function, summarizing the current literature on various patho‐physiologic mechanisms of Lp(a)‐induced vascular disease and the role of cell and tissue‐specific effects in promoting atherogenesis and thrombosis.

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Lipoprotein(a): New insights into mechanisms of atherogenesis and thrombosis

Deb

Caplice

2004

Clinical Cardiology

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Biogenesis of lipoprotein(a) in human and animal hepatocytes

Lobentanz¹,

Dieplinger²

1997

Electrophoresis

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The atherogenic plasma lipoprotein complex Lp(a) consists of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and the highly polymorphic glycoprotein apolipoprotein(a) covalently linked by a disulfide bridge. A size polymorphism of apolipoprotein(a) results from a variable number of tandemly arranged kringle IV repeats. The largely varying plasma concentration of Lp(a) is nonnormally distributed in the population and correlates inversely with the molecular mass of apolipoprotein(a). In vivo turnover studies have revealed that differences in Lp(a) plasma concentrations reflect different synthesis rather than degradation. Plasma Lp(a) originates exclusively in the liver. Detailed studies of the intracellular metabolism of apolipoprotein(a) in transfected human hepatoma cells as well as in primary baboon hepatocytes have revealed an unusual secretory pathway of this protein. Due to complex folding and processing, an immature precursor form of apolipoprotein(a) is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum for a prolonged time. This retention leads to a massive accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum which stands in contrast to most secretory proteins. Since the retention time correlates positively with the apolipoprotein(a) isoform size, this intracellular mechanism could explain the inverse correlation between the isoform size and plasma concentrations observed in the general population. These findings therefore demonstrate a novel cellular regulatory mechanism lor a secretory human plasma protein with genetically controlled concentrations. The majority of the above-mentioned studies revealed another unusual feature of the biogenesis of Lp(a). The mature Lp(a) complex is formed, at least in the investigated cell models, only following separate secretion of apolipoprotein(a) and LDL-like particles. Work that is related to both aspects of Lp(a) formation, both from our laboratory and from other authors, is reviewed.

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Novel Biomarkers and Subclinical Atherosclerosis

Panayiotou

Hoppensteadt

Nicolaides

et al. 2011

Ultrasound and Carotid Bifurcation Atherosclerosis

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The objective of this work is the development of an automatic solar water heater (SWH) fault diagnostic system (FDS). The latter consists of a modelling module and a diagnosis module. A data acquisition system measures the temperatures at four locations of the SWH system (outlet of the water tank; inlet of the collector array; outlet of the collector array; inlet of the water tank). In the modelling module a number of artificial neural networks (ANN) are used, trained with the very first values when the system is fault free. Then, the neural networks are able to predict the fault-free temperatures and compare them to actual values. When the differences are low, the corresponding networks are unchanged. On the contrary the networks are retrained. Then the diagnosis module analyses the difference between the current connection weights and the initial weights. When a persistent significant modification occurs, a flag is set to signify that a default is present in the SWH.The system can predict three types of faults: collector faults and faults in insulation of the pipes connecting the collector with the storage tank (to and from the tank) and these are indicated with suitable labels. It is shown that all faults can be detected well before the end of the drifts, without any false alarm, when the networks and thresholds are well tuned and that the observation window has the right size. It is shown that this does not depend on the draw off profile.

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LIPOPROTEIN(α) IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Cited by 61 publications

References 140 publications

Lipoprotein(a): New insights into mechanisms of atherogenesis and thrombosis

Lipoprotein(a): New insights into mechanisms of atherogenesis and thrombosis

Biogenesis of lipoprotein(a) in human and animal hepatocytes

Novel Biomarkers and Subclinical Atherosclerosis

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