Lipoprotein biogenesis in Gram-positive bacteria: knowing when to hold ‘em, knowing when to fold ‘em

Hutchings, Matthew I.; Palmer, Tracy; Harrington, Dean J.; Sutcliffe, Iain C.

doi:10.1016/j.tim.2008.10.001

Cited by 180 publications

(227 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Mutated MprF showing enhanced enzymatic transferase and/or flippase activity results in a significantly increased proportion of L-PG in the membrane compared to that of peptidoglycan, as well as the generation of membrane L-PG asymmetry by the selective accumulation of L-PG in the outer leaflet (35,36). Prelipoproteins mature sequentially by secretion, lipidation of the lipobox cysteine embedded within the signal sequence by phosphatidylglycerol and Lgt acyltransferase, and finally, signal sequence cleavage by Lsp (37,38). The study of LgtA in Escherichia coli demonstrated that the S. aureus enzyme could fully compensate for the E. coli enzyme (39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Bases Determining Daptomycin Resistance-Mediated Resensitization to β-Lactams (Seesaw Effect) in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Renzoni

Kelley

Rosato

et al. 2017

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Antimicrobial resistance is recognized as one of the principal threats to public health worldwide, yet the problem is increasing. Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are among the most difficult to treat in clinical settings due to the resistance of MRSA to nearly all available antibiotics. The cyclic anionic lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin (DAP) is the clinical mainstay of anti-MRSA therapy. The decreased susceptibility to DAP (DAP resistance [DAP r ]) reported in MRSA is frequently accompanied by a paradoxical decrease in ␤-lactam resistance, a process known as the "seesaw effect." Despite the observed discordance in resistance phenotypes, the combination of DAP and ␤-lactams has been proven to be clinically effective for the prevention and treatment of infections due to DAP r MRSA strains. However, the mechanisms underlying the interactions between DAP and ␤-lactams are largely unknown. In the study described here, we studied the role of mprF with DAP-induced mutations in ␤-lactam sensitization and its involvement in the effective killing by the DAP-oxacillin (OXA) combination. DAP-OXA-mediated effects resulted in cell wall perturbations, including changes in peptidoglycan insertion, penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP 2) delocalization, and reduced membrane amounts of PBP 2a, despite the increased transcription of mecA through mec regulatory elements. We have found that the VraSR sensor-regulator is a key component of DAP resistance, triggering mutated mprF-mediated cell membrane (CM) modifications that result in impairment of PrsA location and chaperone functions, both of which are essential for PBP 2a maturation, the key determinant of ␤-lactam resistance. These observations provide for the first time evidence that synergistic effects between DAP and ␤-lactams involve PrsA posttranscriptional regulation of CM-associated PBP 2a.KEYWORDS MRSA, daptomycin, seesaw effect, ␤-lactams, PrsA, ␤-lactams S taphylococcus aureus has a proclivity for developing multidrug resistance (e.g., methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), and infections with this pathogen result in enhanced attributable mortality (1). Since its FDA approval in 2003, the cyclic anionic lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin (DAP), produced by Streptomyces roseosporus (2), has become the clinical mainstay of anti-MRSA therapy due to its potent staphylocidal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Bases Determining Daptomycin Resistance-Mediated Resensitization to β-Lactams (Seesaw Effect) in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Renzoni

Kelley

Rosato

et al. 2017

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…We demonstrate apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase activity in a Gram-positive Mycobacterium and give complete structural information about the lipid modification of mycobacterial lipoproteins. Hereby, the functionality of Lnt homologues in actinomycetes is revealed (5). We show that mycobacterial lipoproteins are triacylated and carry mycobacteria-specific fatty acids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…An M. tuberculosis knock-out mutant deficient in lipoprotein signal peptidase lspA showed reduced multiplication in bone marrow-derived macrophages, complete absence of lung pathology and a 1000-fold reduced number of colony forming units in a mouse model of infection (3,4). Likewise, lipoprotein synthesis contributes to virulence of other Grampositive pathogens, Listeria, Staphylococci, and Streptococci (5).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Apolipoprotein N-Acyltransferase (Lnt) in Mycobacteria

Tschumi

Nai

Auchli³

et al. 2009

Journal of Biological Chemistry

110

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“…During A. laidlawii genome annotation, lgt and lsp were readily detected by sequence homology. However, A. laidlawii as well as other mollicutes and Gram-positive bacteria lack recognizable lnt gene homologs (9). A question therefore arises whether the third step of protein acylation occurs in these organisms.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Acylation State of Surface Lipoproteins of Mollicute Acholeplasma laidlawii

Serebryakova

Demina

Galyamina

et al. 2011

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Acylation of the N-terminal Cys residue is an essential, ubiquitous, and uniquely bacterial posttranslational modification that allows anchoring of proteins to the lipid membrane. In Gram-negative bacteria, acylation proceeds through three sequential steps requiring lipoprotein diacylglyceryltransferase, lipoprotein signal peptidase, and finally lipoprotein N-acyltransferase. The apparent lack of genes coding for recognizable homologs of lipoprotein N-acyltransferase in Gram-positive bacteria and Mollicutes suggests that the final step of the protein acylation process may be absent in these organisms. In this work, we monitored the acylation state of eight major lipoproteins of the mollicute Acholeplasma laidlawii using a combination of standard two-dimensional gel electrophoresis protein separation, blotting to nitrocellulose membranes, and MALDI-MS identification of modified N-terminal tryptic peptides. We show that for each A. laidlawii lipoprotein studied a third fatty acid in an amide linkage on the N-terminal Cys residue is present, whereas diacylated species were not detected. The result thus proves that A. laidlawii encodes a lipoprotein N-acyltransferase activity. We hypothesize that N-acyltransferases encoded by genes non-homologous to N-acyltransferases of Gram-negative bacteria are also present in other mollicutes and Gram-positive bacteria.Essential cellular activities such as transport, sensing, signal transduction, growth, adhesion, and pathogenesis require proteins localized on the cell surface. One of the strategies to anchor a protein at the lipid membrane is covalent modification of proteins by fatty acids or other lipids. All bacteria rely on acylation of N-terminal Cys residues of lipoproteins to allow tight anchorage on the membrane surface (1). This uniquely bacterial modification was first observed in 1969 in a major outer membrane protein of Escherichia coli called Braun's lipoprotein and later detected in every bacterial organism studied (2). Adhesion proteins and substrate-binding subunits of ATPbinding cassette (ABC) 2 transporters are known to be attached to the membrane in this manner. Thousands of proteins predicted to be lipoproteins "by similarity" according to the presence of consensus sequences of Sec Type II or Tat Type II signal peptides are also thought to be acylated (3).Bacteria of the Mollicutes class are widespread in nature and are characterized by the lack of a rigid cell wall and drastically reduced genome sizes. In fact, representatives of this class are the simplest self-replicating organisms able to independently subsist, generate energy, and adapt to changing environments (4 and references therein). Most mollicutes depend on cholesterol and are partially or totally incapable of fatty acid synthesis and therefore depend on the host or the culture medium for a constant supply of these substances (5). Acholeplasma laidlawii is a convenient model mollicute because of its relatively simple nutritional requirements and fast growth rate. A. laidlawii can synthesize limit...

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Lipoprotein biogenesis in Gram-positive bacteria: knowing when to hold ‘em, knowing when to fold ‘em

Cited by 180 publications

References 89 publications

Molecular Bases Determining Daptomycin Resistance-Mediated Resensitization to β-Lactams (Seesaw Effect) in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Molecular Bases Determining Daptomycin Resistance-Mediated Resensitization to β-Lactams (Seesaw Effect) in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Identification of Apolipoprotein N-Acyltransferase (Lnt) in Mycobacteria

The Acylation State of Surface Lipoproteins of Mollicute Acholeplasma laidlawii

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