Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) modulate the metabolism of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the pig

Abstract

Pigs might be exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and deoxynivalenol (DON) at the same time, and both toxins are thought to interactively affect the intestinal barrier, the innate immune system, and the xenobiotics metabolism. Hence, we aimed at examining the single and combined effects of both toxins on nutrient digestibility and DON metabolism. For this purpose, barrows (26 ± 4 kg) were fed restrictedly either a control diet (CON) or a diet contaminated with 3.1 mg DON/kg (DON) for 37 days. At day 37 of the experiment, pigs were infused intravenously for 60 min either with 100 μg DON/kg body weight (BW) (CON-DON), 7.5 μg LPS/kg BW (CON-LPS, DON-LPS) or a combination of both substances (CON-DON + LPS), or physiological saline (CON-CON, DON-CON). Blood samples were collected frequently until 3.25 h before the pigs were sacrificed for bile, liver, and kidney collection. The apparent digestibility of N-free extractives was significantly increased by 1 % when the DON-contaminated diet was fed. The total DON content in blood was significantly higher in endotoxemic pigs (34.8 ng/mL; CON-DON + LPS) when compared to the pigs infused with DON alone (18.8 ng/mL; CON-DON) while bile concentrations were not influenced by LPS. DON residue levels in liver and kidney closely reflected the treatment effects as described for blood. In contrast to DON infusion, the LPS challenge resulted in a significantly lower total DON concentration (13.2 vs. 7.5 ng/mL in groups DON-CON and DON-LPS, respectively) when the pigs were exposed to DON through the diet. The conjugation degree for DON in blood and bile was not influenced by treatments. In conclusion, endotoxemic pigs are characterized by higher DON residue levels in blood, liver, and kidney, probably by a compromised elimination.

Deoxynivalenol Impairs Weight Gain and Affects Markers of Gut Health after Low-Dose, Short-Term Exposure of Growing Pigs

“…However, in chronic exposure studies with DON in pigs, much lower DON levels in plasma were observed, since data by these studies showed DON levels in blood of 5–17 (10.5) ng/mL after a chronic DON diet (2.3 mg/kg feed) for 28 days [ 38 ] and 7–30 (22.5) ng/mL after a DON diet (4.5 mg/kg feed) for five weeks [ 31 ]. In one of the recently published studies, DON plasma levels were 13.2 ng/mL after a DON diet (3.1 mg/kg feed) for 37 days [ 39 ].…”

Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed

“…In gilts, after administration of up to 163.5 μg/kg bw (n = 9 per group) for 5 weeks, 36–56% of the total DON content in urine was present as glucuronide, while the proportion of glucuronides (glucuronide forms not stated) in serum was 19–45% (Dänicke et al., ), which was similar to the findings in fattening pigs (average of 35%) (Dänicke et al., ). Only a small proportion of DOM‐1 was detected in urine (1.2–7.9% of DON detected as DOM‐1) and in blood (average of 7% of DON detected as DOM‐1) in barrows (n = 12, mean live weight 40.1 kg) after oral administration of 104 μg DON/kg bw for 7 days in a balance experiment (Dänicke et al., ). These small amounts point to a substantial absorption of DON in pigs in the upper digestive tract preventing microbial de‐epoxidation.…”

Difference Metabolites Induced By Deoxynivalenol in Serum and Urine of Weaned Rabbits Detected Using LC-MS Based Metabolomics

“…Compared with T2 toxin of the congeneric trichothecenes, the identified metabolites of DON are relatively less, mainly including: DON-GlcA, DON-sulfonate and DON-sulfate etc [9,10]. Among them, de-epoxidation deoxynivalenol (DOM), mainly acted as a type of metabolite produced by DON under the catalysis of intestinal microorganisms, which is most common metabolite of DON in different species (such as humans, rodents, pigs, chickens and ruminants) [11,12]. Therefore, it is generally believed that DOM-1 is the most typical biomarker of DON and has been applied in relevant studies, such as the evaluation of metabolism and biological detoxification of DON and so on [13,14].…”