“…The bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules play an important role for sustained infection and bacteroid survival within the symbiosomes (Mathis et al, 2005;Jones et al, 2007). Irregular ITs and hampered symbiosome development are often seen in nodules that had been elicited by LPS-defective symbionts (Priefer, 1989;Putnoky et al, 1990;Glazebrook et al, 1993;Perotto et al, 1994;Niehaus et al, 1998;Campbell et al, 2002;Laus et al, 2004).…”
Section: Mtsina Proteins Are Involved In the Formation Of Its And In mentioning
Protein ubiquitination is a posttranslational regulatory process essential for plant growth and interaction with the environment. E3 ligases, to which the seven in absentia (SINA) proteins belong, determine the specificity by selecting the target proteins for ubiquitination. SINA proteins are found in animals as well as in plants, and a small gene family with highly related members has been identified in the genome of rice (Oryza sativa), Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), Medicago truncatula, and poplar (Populus trichocarpa). To acquire insight into the function of SINA proteins in nodulation, a dominant negative form of the Arabidopsis SINAT5 was ectopically expressed in the model legume M. truncatula. After rhizobial inoculation of the 35S:SINAT5DN transgenic plants, fewer nodules were formed than in control plants, and most nodules remained small and white, a sign of impaired symbiosis. Defects in rhizobial infection and symbiosome formation were observed by extensive microscopic analysis. Besides the nodulation phenotype, transgenic plants were affected in shoot growth, leaf size, and lateral root number. This work illustrates a function for SINA E3 ligases in a broad spectrum of plant developmental processes, including nodulation.
“…The bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules play an important role for sustained infection and bacteroid survival within the symbiosomes (Mathis et al, 2005;Jones et al, 2007). Irregular ITs and hampered symbiosome development are often seen in nodules that had been elicited by LPS-defective symbionts (Priefer, 1989;Putnoky et al, 1990;Glazebrook et al, 1993;Perotto et al, 1994;Niehaus et al, 1998;Campbell et al, 2002;Laus et al, 2004).…”
Section: Mtsina Proteins Are Involved In the Formation Of Its And In mentioning
Protein ubiquitination is a posttranslational regulatory process essential for plant growth and interaction with the environment. E3 ligases, to which the seven in absentia (SINA) proteins belong, determine the specificity by selecting the target proteins for ubiquitination. SINA proteins are found in animals as well as in plants, and a small gene family with highly related members has been identified in the genome of rice (Oryza sativa), Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), Medicago truncatula, and poplar (Populus trichocarpa). To acquire insight into the function of SINA proteins in nodulation, a dominant negative form of the Arabidopsis SINAT5 was ectopically expressed in the model legume M. truncatula. After rhizobial inoculation of the 35S:SINAT5DN transgenic plants, fewer nodules were formed than in control plants, and most nodules remained small and white, a sign of impaired symbiosis. Defects in rhizobial infection and symbiosome formation were observed by extensive microscopic analysis. Besides the nodulation phenotype, transgenic plants were affected in shoot growth, leaf size, and lateral root number. This work illustrates a function for SINA E3 ligases in a broad spectrum of plant developmental processes, including nodulation.
“…In addition to Nod factors, different rhizobial surface polysaccharides are required for successful nodulation, during which they might act as signal molecules or could prevent plant defense reactions (Becker and Pühler 1998;Breedveld and Miller 1998;Fraysse et al 2003;Mathis et al 2005). Exopolysaccharides (EPS), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), capsular polysaccharides (KPS or K-antigens), and cyclic β-glucans (CG) are the main rhizobial polysaccharides investigated for their roles in nodulation (Fraysse et al 2003;Parada et al 2006).…”
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“…In addition, cell surface polysaccharides of rhizobia, including exopolysaccharides (EPS) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), play a key role in both adaptation to environmental conditions and establishment of effective symbioses with leguminous plants (Downie 2010;Mathis et al 2005). EPS performs several functions, such as nutrient gathering, protection against stress factors and antimicrobial compounds, biofilm formation, and attachment to abiotic surfaces and host plant roots.…”
Aims The aim of this study was investigation of the response of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii wild-type and its two rosR and pssA mutant strains impaired in exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis to oxidative stress conditions caused by two prooxidants: a superoxide anion generator-menadione (MQ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). Methods The levels of enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase, pectinase and β-glucosidase) and nonenzymatic (superoxide anion generator, formaldehyde, phenolic compounds) biomarkers were monitored using biochemical methods in both the supernatants and rhizobial cells after treatment with 0.3mM MQ and 1.5mM H 2 O 2 . The viability of bacterial cells was estimated using fluorescent dyes and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In addition, the effect of prooxidants on symbiosis of the R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains with clover was established. Results The tested stress factors significantly changed enzymatic patterns of the rhizobial strains, and the wildtype strain proved to be more resistant to these prooxidants than both pssA and rosR mutants. Significantly higher activities of both catalase and superoxide dismutase have been detected in these mutants in comparison to the wildtype strain. H 2 O 2 and MQ also increased the levels of pectinase and β-glucosidase activities in the tested strains. Moreover, pre-incubation of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains with the prooxidants negatively affected the viability of bacterial cells and the number of nodules elicited on clover plants. Conclusions EPS produced in large amounts by R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii plays a significant protective role as a barrier against oxidative stress factors and during symbiotic interactions with clover plants.
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