Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxins

Raetz, Christian R. H.; Whitfield, Chris

doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135414

Cited by 3,900 publications

(4,480 citation statements)

References 391 publications

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“…1, step 2). One of the classical ligands for Toll like receptors (TLR) is the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial glycolipid [22]. Many of the TLR bind lipid structures.…”

Section: Pathogenic Bacteria (Mycobacteria Salmonella)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipidomics of host–pathogen interactions

Wenk

2006

FEBS Letters

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The cell biology of intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, eukaryotic parasites) has provided us with molecular information of host-pathogen interactions. As a result it is becoming increasingly evident that lipids play important roles at various stages of host-pathogen interactions. They act in first line recognition and host cell signaling during pathogen docking, invasion and intracellular trafficking. Lipid metabolism is a housekeeping function in energy homeostasis and biomembrane synthesis during pathogen replication and persistence. Lipids of enormous chemical diversity play roles as immunomodulatory factors. Thus, novel biochemical analytics in combination with cell and molecular biology are a promising recipe for dissecting the roles of lipids in host-pathogen interactions.

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Section: Pathogenic Bacteria (Mycobacteria Salmonella)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipidomics of host–pathogen interactions

Wenk

2006

FEBS Letters

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“…Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from gram-negative microorganisms, typically consist of a hydrophobic domain known as lipid A (or endotoxin), a non-repeating "core" oligosaccharide and a distal polysaccharide (or O-antigen) [145].…”

Section: The Lipopolysaccharidementioning

confidence: 99%

How Mannheimia haemolytica defeats host defence through a kiss of death mechanism

2005

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-Mannheimia haemolytica induced pneumonias are only observed in goats, sheep and cattle. The bacterium produces several virulence factors,whose principal ones are lipopolysaccharide and leukotoxin. The latter is cytotoxic only for ruminant leukocytes, a phenomenon that is correlated with its ability to bind and interact with the ruminant β2-integrin Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen 1. This paper globally reviews all the information available on host-pathogen interactions underlying respiratory mannheimiosis (formerly pasteurellosis), from the stable and the Petri dish to the biochemical cascade of events triggered by the leukotoxin inside ruminant leukocytes. One conclusion can be made: the most widespread cattle respiratory disease with the most important impact on beef production worldwide, is probably due to a tiny ruminant-specific focal variation in the CD18-and/or CD11a-expressing genes.

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“…Lipid A is the core membrane anchor of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, the major component of the outer leaflet of the bacterial outer membrane (Raetz and Whitfield, 2002). Surprisingly, genes encoding a partial lipid A biosynthesis pathway are present in the Arabidopsis genome, although several steps are missing and lipid A has never been unequivocally identified in seed plants.…”

Section: Identification Of Candidate Genes In Starch and Floridosidementioning

confidence: 99%

EST-analysis of the thermo-acidophilic red microalga Galdieriasulphuraria reveals potential for lipid A biosynthesis and unveils the pathway of carbon export from rhodoplasts

et al. 2004

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When we think of extremophiles, organisms adapted to extreme environments, prokaryotes come to mind first. However, the unicellular red micro-alga Galdieria sulphuraria (Cyanidiales) is a eukaryote that can represent up to 90% of the biomass in extreme habitats such as hot sulfur springs with pH values of 0-4 and temperatures of up to 56°C. This red alga thrives autotrophically as well as heterotrophically on more than 50 different carbon sources, including a number of rare sugars and sugar alcohols. This biochemical versatility suggests a large repertoire of metabolic enzymes, rivaled by few organisms and a potentially rich source of thermo-stable enzymes for biotechnology. The temperatures under which this organism carries out photosynthesis are at the high end of the range for this process, making G. sulphuraria a valuable model for physical studies on the photosynthetic apparatus. In addition, the gene sequences of this living fossil reveal much about the evolution of modern eukaryotes. Finally, the alga tolerates high concentrations of toxic metal ions such as cadmium, mercury, aluminum, and nickel, suggesting potential application in bioremediation. To begin to explore the unique biology of G. sulphuraria, 5270 expressed sequence tags from two different cDNA libraries have been sequenced and annotated. Particular emphasis has been placed on the reconstruction of metabolic pathways present in this organism. For example, we provide evidence for (i) a complete pathway for lipid A biosynthesis; (ii) export of triose-phosphates from rhodoplasts; (iii) and absence of eukaryotic hexokinases. Sequence data and additional information are available at http://genomics.msu.edu/galdieria.

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Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxins

Cited by 3,900 publications

References 391 publications

Lipidomics of host–pathogen interactions

Lipidomics of host–pathogen interactions

How Mannheimia haemolytica defeats host defence through a kiss of death mechanism

EST-analysis of the thermo-acidophilic red microalga Galdieriasulphuraria reveals potential for lipid A biosynthesis and unveils the pathway of carbon export from rhodoplasts

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