Lipopeptide Phytotoxins Produced by <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>syringae</i>: Comparison of the Biosurfactant and Ion Channel-Forming Activities of Syringopeptin and Syringomycin

Hutchison, M. L.; Gross, Dennis C.

doi:10.1094/mpmi.1997.10.3.347

Cited by 128 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Mass ions m/z of the sperm toxic HPLC fractions of the methanol extracts of B. licheniformis strains 553/1 (Fig. 1) [29]. The activity spectrum of surfactants has been shown to depend on the chain length of its fatty acid [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic lactonic lipopeptide from food poisoning isolates of Bacillus licheniformis

Mikkola¹,

Kolari²,

Andersson³

et al. 2000

Eur J Biochem

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Toxins from three Bacillus licheniformis strains connected to a fatal food poisoning were isolated and their structures elucidated. Toxins were purified from methanol extracts of the B. licheniformis biomass using boar sperm cells as the toxicity indicator. The HPLC purified toxins showed protonated masses m/z 1007, 1021 and 1035 in MALDI-TOF-MS. The toxins isolated from the strains of different origins contained the same three components of which and each had a same amino-acid residues l-Gln, l-Leu, d-Leu, l-Val, l-Asp, d-Leu and l-Ile in that order. Toxins were identified as lichenysin A, a cyclic lactonic heptalipopeptide in which the main 3-hydroxy fatty acids are 13±15 carbons in length. We showed that the toxins from food and food poisoning isolates of B. licheniformis were identical to lichenysin A both in the structure and in the toxic symptoms induced to boar spermatozoa. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the acrosome and the plasma membrane of boar spermatozoa were the targets of lichenysin A toxicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxic lactonic lipopeptide from food poisoning isolates of Bacillus licheniformis

Mikkola¹,

Kolari²,

Andersson³

et al. 2000

Eur J Biochem

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“…Syringomycin is a pore-forming toxin that inserts into the plant plasma membrane and induces ion fluxes, resulting in cytolysis and necrosis of plant tissues (230,231). Biosynthesis of this phytotoxin is encoded by the chromosomally located cluster of syr genes (32,185).…”

Section: Production Of Phytotoxins By Pseudomonas Syringaementioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of and Response to Signals Involved in Host-Microbe Interactions by Plant-Associated Bacteria

Brencic

Winans

2005

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

337

208

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Diverse interactions between hosts and microbes are initiated by the detection of host-released chemical signals. Detection of these signals leads to altered patterns of gene expression that culminate in specific and adaptive changes in bacterial physiology that are required for these associations. This concept was first demonstrated for the members of the family Rhizobiaceae and was later found to apply to many other plant-associated bacteria as well as to microbes that colonize human and animal hosts. The family Rhizobiaceae includes various genera of rhizobia as well as species of Agrobacterium. Rhizobia are symbionts of legumes, which fix nitrogen within root nodules, while Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a pathogen that causes crown gall tumors on a wide variety of plants. The plant-released signals that are recognized by these bacteria are low-molecular-weight, diffusible molecules and are detected by the bacteria through specific receptor proteins. Similar phenomena are observed with other plant pathogens, including Pseudomonas syringae, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Erwinia spp., although here the signals and signal receptors are not as well defined. In some cases, nutritional conditions such as iron limitation or the lack of nitrogen sources seem to provide a significant cue. While much has been learned about the process of host detection over the past 20 years, our knowledge is far from being complete. The complex nature of the plant-microbe interactions makes it extremely challenging to gain a comprehensive picture of host detection in natural environments, and thus many signals and signal recognition systems remain to be described

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“…We are actively pursuing the identity and specific properties of this second surfactant. The phytotoxins syringomycin and syringopeptin were previously suggested to possess surfactant activities (16), although preliminary results have not yet provided support for the identity of either of these surfactants as the second surfactant (data not shown). It is possible that combining one of the mutations found from this screen with a syfA or syfB mutation could reveal the identity of the second surfactant.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…It is already known that once inside the leaf, bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae use surfactants to cause plant cell leakage and disease symptoms (33). However, some studies have also implicated biosurfactants in the prepathogenic stages of plant-associated bacteria (16,24,36).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel High-Throughput Detection Method To Assess Bacterial Surfactant Production

Burch

Shimada

Browne

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

106

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A novel biosurfactant detection assay was developed for the observation of surfactants on agar plates. By using an airbrush to apply a fine mist of oil droplets, surfactants can be observed instantaneously as halos around biosurfactant-producing colonies. This atomized oil assay can detect a wide range of different synthetic and bacterially produced surfactants. This method could detect much lower concentrations of many surfactants than a commonly used water drop collapse method. It is semiquantitative and therefore has broad applicability for uses such as high-throughput mutagenesis screens of biosurfactant-producing bacterial strains. The atomized oil assay was used to screen for mutants of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a that were altered in the production of biosurfactants. Transposon mutants displaying significantly altered surfactant halos were identified and further analyzed. All mutants identified displayed altered swarming motility, as would be expected of surfactant mutants. Additionally, measurements of the transcription of the syringafactin biosynthetic cluster in the mutants, the principal biosurfactant known to be produced by B728a, revealed novel regulators of this pathway.

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Lipopeptide Phytotoxins Produced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae: Comparison of the Biosurfactant and Ion Channel-Forming Activities of Syringopeptin and Syringomycin

Cited by 128 publications

References 36 publications

Toxic lactonic lipopeptide from food poisoning isolates of Bacillus licheniformis

Toxic lactonic lipopeptide from food poisoning isolates of Bacillus licheniformis

Detection of and Response to Signals Involved in Host-Microbe Interactions by Plant-Associated Bacteria

Novel High-Throughput Detection Method To Assess Bacterial Surfactant Production

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