Lipogenesis inhibition and adipogenesis regulation via PPARγ pathway in 3T3-L1 cells by Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. rhizome extracts

Abstract

Zingiber cassumunar (ZC) is used by tribal people in northern Thailand in traditional remedies for antiobesity and in food recipes. Extracts from this plant have been studied for several pharmacological effects including anti-obesity, but with no clear evidence on cellular mechanism of activity. This study aim to investigate the lipolytic and anti-adipogenic activity of crude extracts from ZC on in vitro cultures of the mouse adipocyte cell-model, 3T3-L1. Dry rhizome powder was extracted with absolute ethanol and boiled-water. On the exposed pre-adipocytes to the extracts, cytotoxicity was not detected by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Lipid content and glycerol release were assessed using Oil Red-O and a commercial Adipolysis Assay kits respectively. The extracts exhibited no significant lipolytic activity on the exposed mature-adipocytes, in serial dilutions ranging from 1 to 800 mg/ml. However, anti-lipogenic activity was presented. All extracts significantly reduced the lipid content of exposed differentiating-adipocytes. This anti-lipogenic activity was confirmed by the expression of selected genes, determined by using real-time PCR techniques, in four groups namely: adipocyte differentiation genes, glucose uptake genes, lipid metabolism genes and fatty acid oxidation genes. 1 H NMR spectrum of the extracts exhibited the prominent olefinic protons of phenylbutanoids, the group of compounds previously proved with several bioactivities. This study provided evidences of mechanisms that apparently verify the traditional use of ZC to prevent obesity.

Ellagic Acid and Urolithins A and B Differentially Regulate Fat Accumulation and Inflammation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes While Not Affecting Adipogenesis and Insulin Sensitivity

“…Accordingly, these results suggest that lipid accumulation by ellagic acid and urolithins A and B is likely due to the regulation of the GLUT4 gene, which might be associated to the regulatory effects of adiponectin [33]. Thus, a decrease in GLUT4 leads to a decrease in glucose transport into the cells from the extracellular environment, reducing a key substrate for triglyceride biosynthesis [17]. In addition to the limitation of the key substrate necessary for fat biosynthesis, the differential effects of ellagic acid and urolithins A and B on gene expression of enzymes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis, as observed above, will determine the rate kinetics of lipogenesis (k Lg ) and lipolysis (k Ls ), ultimately defining the fat accumulation in mature adipocytes.…”

“…PPARγ is a member of the nuclear-receptor superfamily-its expression induces growth arrest and initiates adipogenesis in fibroblasts. It is also required for maintenance of the differentiated state [17], and in particular is considered the master regulator of adipogenesis; without it, precursor cells are incapable of expressing any known aspect of the adipocyte phenotype [18]. On the other hand, cells deficient in c/EBPα are capable of adipocyte differentiation; however, these c/EBPα-deficient cells are insulin resistant [19,20].…”

Ferulic Acid Stimulates Adipocyte-Specific Secretory Proteins to Regulate Adipose Homeostasis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

“…Then, the culture medium was collected and used for the quantification glycerol release, i.e., 100 μL of medium were transferred to 96-well plates and 200 μL of free glycerol assay reagent was added, and the plates were incubated at room temperature for 15 min. Then, the absorbance was read at 540 nm in a SpectraMax3X reader [ 10 ].…”

The Neuroprotective Effect of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Extract on LPS-Induced Neuronal Cell Loss and Astroglial Activation within the Hippocampus

“…The fresh rhizomes of Z. cassumunar were bought from a local market in Muang District, Phayao Province, Thailand. The extraction was conducted using the method described previously by Wong-anan et al [31]. Briefly, the samples were cleaned and cut to small pieces then dried with hot air oven at 60°C for 48 h. Dried samples (4.5 kg of Z. cassumunar) were ground and extracted with 95% v/v ethanol by maceration.…”